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Lecture 1 - Introduction To Web Architecture

The document provides an overview of web architecture and key technologies that enable the internet and world wide web. It discusses the layered architecture including the physical, network, transport, and application layers. It describes important protocols like IP, TCP, HTTP, and standards like URLs, DNS, and MIME types. It also covers web servers, browsers, languages like HTML, CSS, PHP, and databases.

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Tanveer Ahmed Hakro
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101 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Web Architecture

The document provides an overview of web architecture and key technologies that enable the internet and world wide web. It discusses the layered architecture including the physical, network, transport, and application layers. It describes important protocols like IP, TCP, HTTP, and standards like URLs, DNS, and MIME types. It also covers web servers, browsers, languages like HTML, CSS, PHP, and databases.

Uploaded by

Tanveer Ahmed Hakro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Web Architecture

Dr. Fareed Ahmed Jokhio


[email protected]
The Internet
The Internet
• a connection of computer networks using the
Internet Protocol (IP)
• What's the difference between the Internet
and the World Wide Web (WWW)?
• The Web is the collection of web sites and
pages around the world; the Internet is larger
and also includes other services such as email,
chat, online games, etc.
Brief history
• began as a US Department of Defense network
called ARPANET (1960s-70s)
• initial services: electronic mail, file transfer
• opened to commercial interests in late 80s
• WWW created in 1989-91 by Tim Berners-Lee
• popular web browsers released: Netscape 1994,
IE 1995
• Amazon.com opens in 1995; Google January 1996
Key aspects of the internet
• subnetworks can stand on their own
• computers can dynamically join and leave the
network
• built on open standards; anyone can create a
new internet device
• lack of centralized control (mostly)
• everyone can use it with simple, commonly
available software
Layered architecture
• The internet uses a layered hardware/
software architecture (also called the "OSI
model"):
• physical layer : devices such as ethernet,
coaxial cables, fiber-optic lines, modems,
DSL/ADSL
• data link layer : basic hardware protocols
(ethernet, wifi,DSL)
Layered architecture
• network / internet layer : basic software
protocol (IP)
• transport layer : adds reliability to network
layer (TCP, UDP)
• application layer : implements specific
communication for each kind of program
(HTTP, SSH, FTP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
• a simple protocol for attempting to send data
between two computers
• each device has a 32-bit IP address written as
four 8-bit numbers (0-255)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• adds multiplexing, guaranteed message delivery on
top of IP
• multiplexing: multiple programs using the same IP
address
• port: a number given to each program or service
• port 80: web browser (port 443 for secure browsing)
• port 25: email
• port 22: ssh
• port 5190: AOL Instant Messenger
The World Wide Web (WWW)
Web servers and browsers
• web server: software that listens for web page
requests
– Apache
– Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of
Windows)
– Nginx
Web servers and browsers
• web browser: fetches/displays documents
from web servers
– Mozilla Firefox
– Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
– Apple Safari
– Google Chrome
– Opera
Domain Name System (DNS)
• a set of servers that map written names to IP
addresses
• Example: www.quest.edu.pk → 172.16.179.1
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• an identifier for the location of a document on
a web site
• a basic URL:
• http://
www.aw-bc.com/info/regesstepp/index.html
• Protocol host path
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• upon entering this URL into the browser, it
would:
• ask the DNS server for the IP address of
www.aw-bc.com
• connect to that IP address at port 80
• ask the server to GET
/info/regesstepp/index.html
• display the resulting page on the screen
More about URLs
• anchor: jumps to a given section of a web
page
• http://
www.textpad.com/download/index.html#dow
nloads
• fetches index.html then jumps down to part of
the page labeled downloads
More about URLs
• port: for web servers on ports other than the
default 80
• http://
www.cs.washington.edu:8080/secret/money.t
xt
More about URLs
• query string: a set of parameters passed to a
web program
• http://
www.google.com/search?q=miserable+failure
&start=10
• parameter q is set to "miserable+failure“
• parameter start is set to 10
Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

• the set of commands understood by a web


server and sent from a browser
• some HTTP commands (your browser sends
these internally):
– GET filename : download
– POST filename : send a web form response
– PUT filename : upload
HTTP error codes
• when something goes wrong, the web server returns a
special "error code" number to the browser, possibly
followed by an HTML document
• common error codes:
• Number Meaning
• 200 OK
• 301-303 page has moved (permanently or temporarily)
• 403 you are forbidden to access this page
• 404 page not found
• 500 internal server error
Internet media ("MIME") types
• sometimes when including resources in a page (style
sheet, icon, multimedia object), we specify their type of
data
• MIME type file extension
• text/html .html
• text/plain .txt
• image/gif .gif
• image/jpeg .jpg
• video/quicktime .mov
• application/octet-stream .exe
Web languages / technologies
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):
– used for writing web pages
• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS):
– stylistic info for web pages
• PHP Hypertext Processor (PHP):
– dynamically create pages on a web server
• JavaScript:
– interactive and programmable web pages
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML):
– metalanguage for organizing data
• Structured Query Language (SQL):
– interaction with databases

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