Fingerprint Identification
Fingerprint Identification
IDENTIFICATION
PREHISTORIC FINGERPRINTING
FINGERPRINT
Skin
Largest organ of human body
Approx. 15-20% of body weight; occupies 2 sq.
m. of surface area
Relatively smooth, except (1) palmar side of
hands, & (2) plantar side of feet
Flexion Crease
Phalange
3
Major Flexion Creases:
flexion creases:
permanent features
Distal Transverse &
Crease
consistent
(B) in their
arrangements.
Proximal Transverse
Flexion
Crease (C)creases not to be
confused with wrinkles.
Radial Longitudinal Crease
Metacarpo-phalangeal
(D)
creasesBracelet
(E) (A) separate palm
Creases:
from fingers.
separate hand from wrist
FINGERPRINT PATTERN
INTERPRETATION
TYPES OF PATTERNS
I. Arch (5%): a. Plain Arch b. Tented Arch
II. Loop (65%): a. Radial Loop b. Ulnar Loop
III. Whorl (30%): a. Plain Whorl b. Central Pocket
Loop c. Double Loop d. Accidental Loop
RULES IN SELECTING TYPE
LINES, DELTA, & CORE
TYPE LINES
1. Not always continuous
2. Definite break –
continuation: immediate
ridge outside
Type Lines
3. May be very short
2 innermost ridges
4. 2 forks of bifurcation: not
start parallel
type lines
diverge
5. Exception: forks run
surround/tend
parallel to
after bifurcating
surround
& diverge pattern area
(PA)
6. Angular formation: not
type line
Bifurcation
Divergence – forking/dividing
– spreading of 1running
apart of 2 lines line into 2/more branches
parallel/nearly parallel
PATTERN AREA
Description
Only part of finger
impression for
interpretation &
classification
Present in Ls & Ws
Impossible to define: As &
Ts
Part of L/W: cores, deltas,
& ridges for classification
Enclosed by type lines
Enclosed focal points:
delta & core
DELTA
Description
Rules: Choice of 2/+ Deltas
PointTypeson ridge - (1) at or
of Delta
Not
1. (2) in @ bifur
front of not
or (3)opening
nearest
1. Bifurcation
toward
center of:core
DIVERGENCE
2. Abrupt ending ridge
2. OFBifur & another: bifur
type lines
3. Dot
selectedWebster
2/+
3.
4. Short possibleof Greek
ridge
4th Letter deltas
conforming
Meeting of 2to
5. Alphabet definition:
ridges
nearest core chosen
6. Point
on 1st name
Phoenician recurving
for
4. Not in mid of ridge
ridge nearestletter
corresponding to center &
between type
in frontalluvial
of divergencelines
of
Greek: deposit at
toward
type core; nearer end
lines
mouth of Nile (Delta of the
only
Nile)
DELTA
Description
1 or more ridges
Sufficient recurve
enter upon either
side,
recurve,
Ridge count touch/pass
across a imaginary line
looping ridge between delta &
core, &
Delta pass out/tend to pass
out upon same side
ridges entered.
RIDGE COUNTING: RULES TO
REMEMBER
15 Count Loop 1. Draw line: delta & core
Core:Spike
2. 1 RC per touch/cut
Description
Flow of ridges: flow toward
the little finger – Ulna bone.
Indicated by diagonal line
in direction loop flows
Remember:
RH & D is LS
LH & D is RS
TYPES OF LOOPS
Radial Loop Right Hand
Description
Flow of ridges: flow toward
the thumb – Radius bone.
Indicated by “R” in fingers
2 & 7 & by “r” in all other
fingers.
Remember:
RH & D is RS
LH & D is LS
WHORL
At least 2 deltas
appendage
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP
WHORL
1. Description
For extension purposes
2.
2“W”:
deltas general classif;
At least
“C”: 1 ridge: complete
extension
3. circuit – spiral,
No recurve in frontoval,
of
circular,
delta invariant
innerof pattern
circle
Obstruction
area: at right
obstruction at
angle
right angles to line of
flow sufficesline (delta &
Imaginary
core): NOT
cutting/touching
recurving ridge within
inner pattern area
INNER LINE OF FLOW
Inner line of flow: Imaginary line between inner delta & center
of innermost recurve or looping ridge.
OBSTRUCTION AT RIGHT ANGLE RULE
1. No recurve in front of
delta in inner PA: A
MUST – obstruction @
right angles to line of
flow (ORALOF)
2. No ORALOF: Loop
3. ORALOF: curved
4. ORALOF: straight
5. ORALOF: not dot
6. Right angle rule: only in
obstruction
7. Recurve/obstruction: no
8. Recurve/obstruction w/ appendage in appendage in line of flow
line of flow
DOUBLE LOOP
Description
1. For2 extension purpose
separate loop
2. formations,
“W”: general classif;
“D”: extension
2 separate and distinct
3. sets of shoulders,
Separate: not
2unconnected;
deltas 2 loops
NomayRC be connected by
needed
appendage (not at right
Appendage rule in loop
angles between shoulders
applies
of recurve)
“S” type whorls,
“interlocking loops”, & 1
loop inside another: Plain
whorl
“S” TYPE
“INTERLOCKING” TYPE
ACCIDENTAL
Description
Type 1
1. Combinations: L + T; L +
W;combination of
L + C; D + C, etc. 2
2. different types of pattern
Exceedingly unusual
plain arch:not
patterns not defined
included in
2any other deltas
or more classes
Type 2
pattern: w/ some
requirements for 2 or
more different types
Type 3
pattern: conforms to
none of definitions
RIDGE TRACING
5. Meeting
Inner == -3 ridges inside or outside right delta
3.
1.
2.
4. Outer (I)
Trace:
Count (O) =3 3or
or++ridges
intervening
left delta to
ridges inside
ridges:
point right
RT
outside delta
opposite
&
right right
right
delta delta.
delta
RIDGE TRACING
1. Tracing always on left
delta; not on type line.
2. Exception: type line –
next lower ridge after
RT breaks
3. Delta: 1st recurve –
continue toward right
delta
4. RT ends abruptly &
definitely: next lower
ridge
5. Short breaks: not
definite ridge endings
RIDGE TRACING
6. RT bifurcates: lower
limb/branch followed
7. 3 or + deltas: extreme
deltas
8. RT in d & X: stop tracing
on nearest point to right
delta on upward trend
9. No upward trend: tracing
to point opposite right
delta/delta itself
TOPIC: Classification Formula &
Extension
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
Blocking out – 1st step in classifying; identifying pattern types
of all 10 fingers
a. Arch: A
b. Tented Arch: T
c. Radial Loop: R
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
Blocking out
16 16 8 8 4+1
See Example
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10
4 2 2 1 1+1
1. A.k.a. whorl division 3. EveNumerator (M) _+ 1
(appearance of whorl) OdDenominator(W) + 1
2. Constants: (1) Numerical 4. Possible Primary combinations:
value; (2) +1 1,024
5. No whorls in N = value: 1; no whorls in D = value:
1
CLASSIFICATION LINE
SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
Capital Letter
a. Type of pattern on #s 2 &
7
b. 25 possible combinations
c. Right of Primary in
classification formula
d. Right hand over left hand
See Example
SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION:
SMALL LETTER GROUP
Small letter patterns of ART: arches, radial loops, &
tented arches on fingers No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
Dash (-): absence of ART/between 2 small letters
No dash (-) in thumbs if they are not ART
If 2 or + small letter patterns exist consecutively,
number used indicating series
Important to classification system: infrequent
occurrence (approx. 7–10% of all patterns)
Presence: subsecondary classification & major division
no longer taken
See Example
SUB SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
OOO
MOI
Symbol Ridge
Count
S = Small 11 –– 11
17
M = Medium 18
12 –– 22
16
L = Large 17 or +
23
L
L
FINAL CLASSIFICATION
KEY CLASSIFICATION
First loop appearing from #1 except # 5 & # 10
Always placed to extreme left of numerator of
classification formula
EXTENSIONS
cumbersome and
unwieldy.
Placed directly above the Sub-Secondary.
Use the following chart (based on ridge counts): Index
– 1-5=S, 6-12=M, 13 or +=L; Middle – 1– 8 = S, 9–14 = M,
15 or + = L; Ring – 1–10=S, 11–18=M, 19 or more=L
NCIC CLASSIFICATION
Rule # 1
(So) Scarred
Impression
Rule # 2
Partially Scarred
General Type
Not Determinable
Large scar around core Gen. Type of Opposite Finger
General Pattern not determinable Sub classification of Partially
RC or RT determinable Scarred Impressions
CLASSIFICATION OF SCARRED PATTERNS
—AMPUTATIONS—MISSING AT BIRTH
Classification of Scarred Patterns
Rule # 3
Partially Scarred
General Type
Determinable
AMP
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATIONS
& FINGERS MISSING AT BIRTH
Rule # 4: 2 or more fingers AMP, classifications
identical w/ fingers opp. – no additional
references
AMP
Whorl, Meeting
AMP
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATIONS
& FINGERS MISSING AT BIRTH
Rule # 6: Missing at birth (MAB), same
treatment with AMP.
Rule # 7: 10 fingers MAB/AMP -
AMP/
MAB
AMP/
MAB
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATIONS
& FINGERS MISSING AT BIRTH
Rule # 9: Partially AMP (1/2 or ↑ of Pattern
Missing), classif of opp. finger. Filed in
amputation group
Partially
AMP
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATIONS
& FINGERS MISSING AT BIRTH
Rule # 10: Tip AMP or ↓1/2 of 1st joint AMP,
classif of opp. finger. Filed in nonamputation
group.
Partially
AMP
CLASSIFICATION OF BANDAGED
OR IMPRINTED FINGERS
Rule # 1: Temporary injury, if possible not taken
until after healing
Rule # 2: Injured fingers (inked impressions
impossible to secure): classifications of opp.
fingers
Rule # 3: Only 1 finger lacking, reference searches
conducted in every possible classification
Rule # 4: ↑ one finger lacking, classifications of
opp. fingers; no reference searches
Rule # 5: 2 lacking opp. fingers, whorls with
meeting tracings
Topic: How To Take Inked Fingerprints
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
Inking plate (6 in wide x 14 in long)
Cardholder
FP Cardstock: 8 x 8 in
PROCEDURAL MATTERS
IMPORTANT PRELIMINARIES
Elimination prints – inked prints of all members
of household, employees, and any police or
other officials who may have touched objects on
which the latent impressions were found
Ninhydrin:
reactswith primary & secondary amines such as
amino acids & proteins
Dark purple product a.k.a. Ruhemann’s Purple
Has developed prints as old as 40 years
Method: (1) spray, (2) soaking
CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
LATENT PRINT IMPRESSIONS
Silver Nitrate
For porous surfaces
Reacts with silver chloride
Reddish-brown against background
Known to wash off traces of fat & oil; should be
applied last
Methods: (1) Dip specimen in solution, (2) blot & dry
it, (3) expose to light, & (4) photograph latent prints
when contrast is good
CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
LATENT PRINT IMPRESSIONS
PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES
Photographing
Lifting
Casting
TOPIC: Comparing Fingerprints: Biometrics
1.
COMPARISON
Another
2. Determine
Select ANALYSIS:
general
– known
key focal ridge
determine
exemplar
flow &
suitability
characteristics shape
introduced
(Level (Level
for achieving
to
1 Detail)
compare
2 Detail); conclusion
w/ LP;
understand their:
position, direction & relationship; compare this to known exemplar
FINGERPRINT COMPARISON
ACE-V METHODOLOGY
Guidelines:
EVALUATION
Formulation (1) agreement of making
of conclusion
– a.k.a. onlybased
1st level details
conclusion;
on A & C– not resultsufficient
of for evaluation of
comparison
individualization, (2) agreement of 1st-2nd or 1st-3rd level details – sufficient for evaluation of
individualization
FINGERPRINT COMPARISON
ACE-V METHODOLOGY
FINGERPRINT CHART
Superimposition
Visually
Numbers
Degree
10
White
Corresponding
Charting
All
Identifications:
diameters
ridge
border:
of
aids
on
Method:
characteristics
enlargement
chart
court
adequate;
1ridge
similar
½not
not
inMarking
recommended;
left
understanding
characteristics
absolutely
5shapes
for
to
not
need
30
charting
characteristics
important;
may
not
occupy
essential
suffice
nature
ridges
be
in
purposes
2charted;
same
prints
but
ridges
–ofdistorted
w/
helpful
expert
relative
similarly
lines
12
of testimony
conveniences
characteristics
LP
due
&positions
numbered
–numbers;
pressure
readily
in
distinguishable
numbered
enough
patterns
& indicated
twisting
Charts for
w/clockwise
IDshapes
by eye of characteristics drawn in margin not
recommended; ridges vary in actual shape or physical position
RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
Description
angle,
upthrust,
loop type
Description
2 ridges meeting at
angle;
1 continuous ridge: not
angle;
angle: 90 degrees or less.
Back
UPTHRUST TYPE TENTED ARCH
Description
ending ridge: ridge
ending in space;
making definite
change of direction
from basic ridge;
angle of 45O or more
from base ridge;
high & thick as other
ridges; &
dots: not qualified; no
direction.
Back
LOOP TYPE
Description
looks like loop,
2 of 3 basic loop
characteristics,
lacking 3rd.
RIDGE COUNTING
# of ridges intervening between delta &
core.
Red line of reticule of FP glass: insure
absolute accuracy
Back
SHORT BREAKS
Cause: improper inking, presence of
foreign matter on ridges, enlarged pores,
disease, or worn ridges
Determination: judgment of classifier
Basis of determination: whole pattern – (1)
common: not definite ridge ending; (2) not
common: definite ridge ending
Reference marks: tracing
Back
ANGULAR FORMATION
Angles
never formed by single ridge
abutting of 1 ridge vs another
Back
SUFFICIENT RECURVE
Part of recurving
ridge between
shoulders of loop
Must be FREE:
appendages abutting
upon outside of
recurve at right
angle
Back
SHOULDERS OF LOOP
Points at which
recurving ridge
definitely inward or
curves
Back
EXAMPLE: PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10
/ W / / a
EveNumerator = (#6) 0 + (#2) 16 + (#8) 0 + (#4) 8 + (#10) 0 = 24 + 1 = 25
3 Back
EXAMPLE: SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
(CAPITAL LETTER)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10
/ W / / a
Right Index (#2) =
W
Left Index (#7) =
Back W
EXAMPLE: SECONDARY
CLASSIFICATION (SMALL LETTER)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10
/ W / / a
Right Hand = W--a
back
WHORL TREATED AS ULNAR
LOOP (LEFT HAND)
back
18.05.2023
WHORL TREATED AS ULNAR LOOP
(ACCIDENTAL: RIGHT HAND)
back
WHORL TREATED AS ULNAR LOOP
(ACCIDENTAL: LEFT HAND)
back
WHORL TREATED AS ULNAR LOOP
(DOUBLE LOOP: RIGHT HAND)
back
WHORL TREATED AS ULNAR LOOP
(DOUBLE LOOP: HORIZONTAL LOOPS)
Right Left
Hand Hand
back
FINAL CLASSIFICATION
Final = 17
Back
NCIC CLASSIFICATION
24 63 31 21 17 18 66 13 18 20
Back
J.C.A.
Johann Christoph Andreas
Back
PRE-TRANSFER CONDITIONS
Condition or health of donor’s friction skin &
amount & type of residue on skin.
Back
TRANSFER CONDITIONS
1. Conditions of surface (substrate) being touched,
including texture, surface area, surface
curvature or shape, surface temperature,
condensation, contaminants, & surface
residues.
Back
POST-TRANSFER CONDITIONS
Back
ECCRINE GLANDS
Back
APOCRINE GLANDS
- From coarse hair of armpits & pubic area
- Description of fluid:
- Milky in appearance
- Dried in plastic-like solid
- Fluoresced
- Had an odor
- Includes: proteins, carbohydrates,
cholesterol, iron
Back
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Ba
ck
IODINE FUMING
Back
NINHYDRIN
Back
PHOTOGRAPHING
Film Photography
Camera format: 35-mm SLR
Lens accessories
Macro lens: flat field lens
(desirable)
Standard lens: curved field lens
Light
Filters
Digital Photography
Storage media:
Write-once compact disk-recordable (CD-R)
Digital versatile disk-recordable (DVD-R)
Back
LEVEL 1 DETAIL (RIDGE FLOW)
Friction ridge flow
Pattern type
Back
LEVEL 2 DETAIL (RIDGE EVENTS)
Back
LEVEL 3 DETAIL (RIDGE DIMENSIONS)
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