THEODOLITE

Presented by:
Shiba Prasad Khuntia(118mn0563)
Sakshi Srijan(118mn5064)
Abinash Mishra(118mn0565)
Debasish Mishra(118mn0566)
Mrityunjay Mohanty(118mn0567)
Katravath Vijay Nayak(118mn0568)
Definition: A theodolite theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in
the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying
applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes such as meteorology and
rocket launch.
The theodolite is a complex instrument used mainly for accurate
measurement of horizontal and vertical angle up to 10" or 20" depending upon the least
count of the instrument. Because of its various uses, the theodolite is sometimes known
as "Universal Instrument".

Uses of theodolite: Following are the different purpose for which theodolite can be
used-
1)Measuring horizontal angle
2)Measuring vertical angle
3)Measuring deflection angle
4)Measuring magnetic bearing
5)Measuring the horizontal distance between two points
6)Finding vertical height of an object
7)Finding difference of elevation between various points
8)) Ranging of a line
Types of Theodolite
Theodolites may be broadly classified into two types-

1) Transit theodolite

2) Non- transit theodolite

3) Vernier Theodolite

4) Glass arc Theodolite

Transit Theodolite: In the transit theodolite, the telescope can be revolved through a
complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
Non-transit Theodolite: In the non-transit theodolite, the telescope cannot be
revolved through a complete revolution in the vertical plane.
Vernier Theodolite: In this type of theodolite, venires are provided for reading
horizontal and vertical graduated circles.
Glass arc Theodolite: In this type of theodolite, micrometers are for reading
horizontal and vertical graduated circles.
Different Parts of Theodolite:
a. Vertical Scale (or Vertical Circle): The vertical circle is a full 360° scale. It is
mounted within one of the standards with its center co-linear with the trunnion axis.
It is used to measure the angle between the line of sight (collimation axis) of the
telescope and the horizontal. This is known as the vertical angle.
b. Telescope: It has the same features as in a level graticule with eyepiece and internal
focusing for the telescope itself. The same precautions for focusing the eyepiece and
eliminating parallax should be applied.
c. Vertical Clamp and Tangent Screw: In order to hold the telescope at a particular
vertical angle a vertical clamp is provided. This is located on one of the standards
and its release will allow free transiting of the telescope. When clamped, the
telescope can be slowly transited using another fine adjustment screw known as the
vertical tangent screw.
d. Upper Plate: The upper plate is the base on which the standards and vertical circle
are placed. Rotation or transiting of the upper plate about a vertical (alidade) axis
will also cause the entire standards/telescope assembly to rotate in an identical
manner. For the instrument to be in correct adjustment it is therefore necessary that
the upper plate must be perpendicular to the alidade axis and parallel to the trunnion
axis. Also, before the instrument is used, the upper plate must be "levelled". This is
achieved by adjustment of three foot screws and observing a precise tube bubble.
This bubble is known as the plate bubble and is placed on the upper plate.
e. The Lower Plate: The lower plate is the base of the whole instrument. It houses the foot
screws and the bearing for the vertical axis. It is rigidly attached to the tripod mounting
assembly and does not move.

f. Horizontal Scale (or Horizontal Circle): The horizontal circle is a full 3600 scale. It is
often placed between the upper and lower plates with its center co-linear with the vertical
axis. It is capable of full independent rotation about the trunnion axis so that any particular
direction may be arbitrarily set to read zero. It is used to define the horizontal direction in
which the telescope is sighted. Therefore a horizontal angle measurement requires two
horizontal scale readings taken by observing two different targets.
g. The Upper Horizontal Clamp and Tangent Screw: The upper horizontal clamp is provided
to clamp the upper plate to the horizontal circle. Once the clamp is released the instrument is
free to traverse through 360° around the horizontal circle. When clamped,
the instrument can be gradually transited around the circle by use of the upper horizontal
tangent screw. It is the upper clamp and tangent screw which are used during a sequence or
"round" of horizontal angle measurements.
g. The Lower Horizontal Clamp and Tangent Screw: The lower horizontal clamp is
provided to clamp the horizontal circle to the lower plate. Once the clamp is released the
circle is free to rotate about the vertical axis. When clamped, the horizontal circle can be
gradually rotated using the lower-horizontal tangent screw. The lower clamp and tangent
screw must only be used at the start of a sequence or "round" of horizontal angle
measurements to set the first reading to zero (if so desired).
I. Circle Reading and Optical Micrometer: Modern instruments usually have one eyepiece
for reading both circles. It is usually located on one of the standards. The vertical and
horizontal circles require illumination in order to read them. This is usually provided by
small circular mirrors which can be angled and rotated to reflect maximum light onto the
circles.
j. Index bar or T-frame: The index bar is T shaped and centered on horizontal axis of the
telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two Vernier of the extremities of its horizontal
arms or limbs called the index arm. The vertical leg called the clip or clipping screws at its
lower extremity. The index arm and the clipping arm are together known as T-frame.
k. Altitude level: A highly sensitive bubble is used for levelling particularly when taking the
vertical angle observations.
l. Plumb bob: To center the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb bob is suspended
from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.
k. The levelling head: It may consists of circular plates called as upper and lower Parallel plates.
The lower parallel plate has a central aperture through which a plumb bob may be
suspended. The upper parallel plate or tribrach is supported by means of four or three levelling
screws by which the instrument may be levelled.
n. Standards or A-Frame: The frames supporting telescope are in the form of English letter ‘A’.
This frame allows telescope to rotate on its trunnion axis in vertical frame. The T-frame and the
clamps are also fixed to this frame.

Important terms related to theodolite survey:

Cantering: The setting of theodolite exactly over a station marked by means of plumb bob is
known as cantering.
Transiting: The method of turning the telescope about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane
through 180' is termed as transiting. In other words, transiting results in a change of face.
Face left: It means that the vertical circle of theodolite is on the left of the observer at the time of
taking reading.
Face right: This refers to the situation when the vertical circle of the instrument is on the right of
the observer when the reading is taken.
Changing face: The operation of bringing the vertical circle from one side of the observer to the
other is known as changing face.
Swinging the telescope: This indicates turning the telescope in a horizontal plane. It is called
'right
 'right swing' when the telescope is turned clockwise and 'left swing' when the telescope is
turned anticlockwise.
Line of collimation: It is an imaginary line passing through the optical center of the objective
glass and its continuation.
Axis of telescope: The axis is an imaginary line passing through the optical center of the
object glass and optical center of eyepiece.
Axis of the bubble tube: It is an imaginary line tangential to longitudinal curve of bubble
tube at its middle point.

Vertical axis: It is the axis of rotation of the telescope in the horizontal plane.

Horizontal axis: It is the axis of rotation of the telescope in the vertical plane.
Temporary adjustment: The setting of the theodolite over a station at the time of taking any
observation is called temporary adjustment.
Permanent adjustment: When the desired relationship between fundamental lines is
disturbed, then some procedures are adopted to establish this relationship. This adjustment is
known as permanent adjustment.
 Use of Theodolite:
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should
be centered on the desired station point, levelled and telescope is focused. This process of
centering, levelling and focusing is called temporary adjustment of the instrument.

Measurement of Horizontal Angle:

The procedure is explained for measuring horizontal angle θ = PQR at station Q

1. Set the theodolite at Q with vertical circle to the left of the line of sight and complete all
temporary adjustments.
2. Release both upper and lower clamps and turn upper plate to get 0° on the main scale. Then
clamp main screw and using tangent screw get exactly zero reading. At this stage Vernier A
reads 0° and Vernier B reads 180°.
3. Through telescope take line of sight to signal at P and lock the lower clamp. Use tangent
Screw for exact bisection.
4. Release the upper clamp and swing telescope to bisect signal at R. Lock upper clamp and use
tangent screen to get exact bisection of R.
5.Read Vernier’s A and B. The reading of Vernier A gives desired angle PQR directly, while
180° is to be subtracted from the reading of Vernier B to get the angle PQR.
6.Transit (move by 180° in vertical plane) the telescope to make vertical circle to the right of
telescope. Repeat steps 2 to 5 to get two more values for the angle.
7.The average of 4 values found for θ, give the horizontal angle. Two values obtained with
face left and two obtained with face right position of vertical circle are called one set of
readings.
8.If more precision is required the angle may be measured repeatedly. i.e., after step 5, release
lower clamp, sight signal at P, then lock lower clamp, release upper clamp and swing the
telescope to signal at Q. The reading of Vernier A doubles. The angle measured by Vernier B
is also doubled. Any number of repetitions may be made and average taken. Similar readings
are then taken with face right also. Finally average angle is found and is taken as desired angle
‘Q’. This is called method of repetition.
 9. There is another method of getting precise horizontal angles. It is called method of
reiteration.

If a number of angles are to be measured from a station this technique is used (see above
figure).
With zero reading of Vernier A signal at P is sighted exactly and lower clamp and its tangent
screw are locked. Then θ1 is measured by sighting Q and noted. Then θ2, θ3 and θ4 are
measured by unlocking upper clamp and bisecting signals at R, S and P. The angles are
calculated and checked to see that sum is 360º. In each case both Vernier's are read and similar
process is carried out by changing the face (face left and face right).

Measurement of Vertical Angle

Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +vee angles
and angle of depression as –vee angles.

To measure vertical angle the following procedure may be followed:

1. Complete all temporary adjustment at the required station.

2. Take up levelling of the instrument with respect to altitude level provided on the A – frame.
This levelling process is similar to that used for levelling dumpy level i.e., first altitude level
is kept parallel to any two levelling screws and operating those two screws bubble is brought
 brought to center. Then by rotating telescope, level tube is brought at right angles to the
original position and is levelled with the third screw. The procedure is repeated till bubble is
centered in both positions.
3. Then loosen the vertical circle clamp, bisect P and lock the clamp. Read Vernier's C and D to
get vertical angle. Take the average as the actual vertical angle.

a.Setting out grades

b.Finding difference of level. Prolonging the survey lines

Axes of Theodolite:
V - Vertical axis
S – Sight axis, collimation axis
H – Horizontal axis (telescope rotary axis) L – Level axis (the alidade axis)
Theodolite Traversing:
Introduction: A traverse consists of a series of straight lines connecting successive points. The
points defining the ends of the traverse lines are called traverse stations or traverse points.
Distance along the line between successive traverse points is determined either by direct
measurement using a tape or electronic distance measuring (EDM) equipment, or by indirect
measurement using tachometric methods. At each point where the traverse changes direction,
an angular measurement is taken using a theodolite.
Purpose of traverse: It is a convenient, rapid method for establishing horizontal control
particularly when the lines of sights are short due to heavily built up areas where triangulation
and trilateration are not applicable. The purpose includes:

-Property surveys to locate or establish boundaries;

-Supplementary horizontal control for topographic mapping surveys;
-Location and construction layout surveys for high ways, railway, and other private and public
works;
-Ground control surveys for photogrammetric mapping.

Types of traverse:
Open traverse: It starts at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown
position.

Closed traverse: It originates at a point of known position and close on another point of known
horizontal position.
Latitudes and Departures:
Latitude is the north-south component of a line; departure the east-west. North latitudes are
positive, South are negative; similarly East departures are positive, West are negative.

Latitude (Lat) and Departure (Dep) are computed from

Because a bearing angle never exceeds 90°, the Lat and Dep equations will always return
positive values.
Calculation of Closing Error:
In a complete circuit, the sum of North latitudes must be equal to that of South latitudes, the sum
of Easting must be equal to that of Westing, if all the measurements are correct. If not, the
distance between the starting portion and the position obtained by calculation is known as
Closing Error.

Balancing the Consecutive Co-Ordinates:

The process od adjusting the consecutive coordinates of each line by applying corrections to
them in such a way that algebraic sum of latitudes and departures of closed circuit should be
equal to zero i.e., sum of northing should be equal to the sum of southing and the sum of
westing should exactly equal to the sum of easting is called the Balancing the Consecutive Co-
Ordinates.
In a closed traverse the following conditions must be satisfied:
 Departure =  D = 0
 Latitude =  L = 0
If the above conditions are not satisfied, the position A of the originating stations and its
computed position A′ will not be the same as shown in Fig. given below, due to the
observational errors.
The distance AA′ between them is known as the closing error. The closing error is given by
e  ( D) 2  ( L)
and its direction or reduced bearing is given by
The term balancing is generally applied to the operation of adjusting the closing error in a
closed traverse by applying corrections to departures and latitudes.

The following methods are generally used for balancing a traverse:

 Bowditch’s method :
Cd =  D × l/  𝑙
Cl =  L × l/  𝑙
Where:
CD & CL = the corrections to the departure and latitude of the line to which the correction is applied
l = the length of the line, and
 𝑙 = the sum of the lengths of all the lines of the traverse, i.e., perimeter p.
 L = Total error in latitude
  D = Total error in departure
 Transit rule:
According to this rule, corrections to the latitude of a traverse leg
= Total error in latitude ×Latitude of that traverse leg Total sum of latitude
CD =  D × 𝑑/ D
CL =  L × l/ 𝐿
Where,
C D & CL = the corrections to the departure and latitude of the line to which the correction is applied
l = Latitude of traverse leg
d = Departure of traverse leg L = arithmetic sum of latitudes
D = arithmetic sum of departures
 L = Total error of latitudes (algebraic sum)
å D = Total error of departures (algebraic sum)
Balancing the Closing Error graphically:
For rough surveys or traverse of small area, adjustment can also be carried out
graphically. In this method of balancing, the locations and thus the coordinates of the
stations are adjusted
 directly. Thus, the amount of correction at any station is proportional to its distance from
the initial station.
 Let Po Qo Ro So To P' is the graphical plot of a closed-loop traverse PQRSTP. The
observed length and direction of traverse sides are such that it fails to get balanced and is
depicted in its graphical presentation by an amount Po P'.
 Thus, the closing error of the traverse is Po P' (Given in Figure below). The error Po P' is
to be distributed to all the sides of the traverse in such a way that the traverse gets closed
i.e., P' gets coincides with Po in its plot.
 This is carried out by shifting the positions of the station graphically. In order to obtain the
length and direction of shifting of the plotted position of stations, first a straight line is
required to be drawn, at some scale, representing the perimeter of the plotted traverse.
 In this case, a horizontal line Po P' is drawn (Given in Figure below). Mark the traverse
stations on this line such as Qo, Ro, So and To in such a way that distance between them
represent the length of the traverse sides at the chosen scale.
 At the terminating end of the line i.e., at P', a line P' P a is drawn parallel to the correction
for closure and length equal to the amount of error as depicted in the plot of traverse. Now,
join Po to Pa and draw lines parallel to P' Pa at points Qo, Ro, So and To.
 The length and direction of Qo Qa, Ro Ra, So Sa and To Ta represent the length and
direction of errors at Qo, Ro, So and To respectively. So, shifting equal to Qo Qa , Ro Ra,
So Sa and To Ta and in the same direction are applied as correction to the positions of
stations Qo, Ro, So and To respectively. These shifting provide the corrected positions of
the stations as to Qa, Ra, Sa,Ta and Pa. Joining these corrected positions of the stations
provide the adjusted traverse Pa Qa Ra, Sa Ta(Given in Figure below).
Omitted observations:
In a closed traverse if lengths and bearings of all the lines could not be measured due to certain
reasons, the omitted or the missing measurements can be computed provided the number of such
omissions is not more than two. In such cases, there can be no check on the accuracy of the field
work nor can the traverse be balanced. It is because of the fact that all the errors are thrown into
the computed values of the omitted observations.

The omitted quantities are computed using the equations given below:
D=l 1 sin 𝜃1 +l2 sin 𝜃2 + ....... + ln sin 𝜃𝑛 = 0
L=l 1 cos 𝜃1 +l2 cos 𝜃2 + ....... + ln cos 𝜃𝑛 = 0
So, length of the traverse lines l = √ (D2  L2)
and Departure of the line D = l sin 𝜃1
Latitude of the line L = l cos 𝜃1
Applications of theodolite :

Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring
angles, scaling points of constructional works. For example, to determine
highway points, huge buildings’ escalating edges theodolites are used.
Depending on the job nature and the accuracy required, theodolite
produces more curved of readings, using paradoxical faces and swings or
different positions for perfect measuring survey.

Followings are the major uses of theodolite:

1. Measuring horizontal and vertical angles
2. Locating points on a line
3. Finding the difference in the level
4. Prolonging survey lines
5. Ranging curves
6. Setting out grades
7. Tachometric surveying
Conclusion:

 We enable to know how to measured the horizontal and vertical angles of

theodolite and gain knowledge of how to handle the equipments during the field
work .Theodolite must be centred on the point using plumbob. We know how to
adjusted the reading system of the theodolite angle at the right plane. Centring
and levelling the instrument was to ensure the horizontal angle that was
measured. We also know what types of theodolite classified that is Vernier
theodolite, Optic theodolite, Electronics theodolite . We also know now about
that a modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two
perpendicular axes-horizontal axis and vertical axis.
Questions:

  
points North co-ord. East co-ord.
L 405.5 m 630.60 m
M 755.50 m 310.6 m
2. The fore bearings and back bearings of the lines of a closed traverse
ABCDA were recorded as below:
LINE F.B. B.B
AB 77 30’ 259 10’
BC 110 30’ 289 30’
CD 228 00’ 48 00’
DA 309 50’ 129 10’
Determine which of the stations are affected by local attraction and compute
the values of the corrected bearings.
ANS. In this method the errors in the bearings of the lines are determined and
the bearings are corrected for the respective errors.
By observing the values of the fore bearings and back bearing of the lines, it is
found that the fore bearing and back bearing of the line CD differ exactly by
180°, i.e., 228° – 48° = 180°. Therefore both the stations C and D must be free
from local attraction. Since for other lines the difference is not 180°, the
stations A and B are affected by local attraction.
 Since station D is free from local attraction, the fore bearing of DA must be correct.
 Calculation of corrected bearings
 Correct fore bearing of DA = 309°50′ (given)
 Correct back bearing of DA = 180° + 309°50′ = 129°50′
 Observed back bearing of DA = 129°10′
 Error at A = 129°10′ – 129°50′ = – 40′
 Correction at A=+ 40′
 Observed fore bearing of AB = 77°30 ′
 Correct fore bearing of AB = 77°30 ′ + 40′ = 78°10′
 Correct back bearing of AB = 180° + 78°10′ = 258°10′
 Observed back bearing of AB = 259°10′
 Error at B = 259°10′ – 258°10′ = 1°
 Correction at B = – 1°
 Observed fore bearing of BC = 110°30′
 Correct fore bearing of BC = 110°30′ – 1° = 109°30′
 Correct back bearing of BC = 180° + 109°30′ = 289°30′. (Check)
 Since the computed back bearing of BC is equal to its observed back bearing, the last computation
provides a check over the entire computation.
LINE F.B.(CORRECTED) B.B. (CORRECTED)
AB 78 10’ 258 10’
BC 109 30’ 289 30’
CD 228 00’ 48 00’
DA 309 50’ 129 50’
3. The angles at the stations of a closed traverse ABCDEFA were observed
as given below:

 Adjust the angular error in the observations, if any, and calculate the
bearings of the traverse lines in the following systems if whole circle
bearing of the line AB is 42°:
 (a) Whole circle bearing in sexagesimal system.
 (b) Quadrantal bearing in sexagesimal system.
ANS: Adjustment of angular error
The sum of the internal angles of a polygon having n sides is (2n - 4). 90°, therefore for six sides
polygon Σ Internal angles = (2 × 6 – 4) × 90° = 720°
Σ Observed internal angles = 719°56′00′′
Total error = 719°56′00′′ – 720° = – 4′
Total correction = 4′ or 240′′.
Since the error is of some magnitude, it implies that the work is of relatively low order;
therefore, the correction may be applied equally to each angle assuming that the conditions
were constant at the time of observation and the angles were measured with the same precision.
Hence the correction to each angle = 240 ′/6= 40″.
The corrected included angles are given in the following table:
(a) Calculation of W.C.B.
W.C.B. of AB = 42° (given)
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 42° = 222°00′00″
W.C.B. of BC = W.C.B. of BA – ∠B = 222°00′00″ – 89°24′20″ = 132°35′40″
W.C.B. of CB = 180° + 132°35′40″ = 312°35′40″
W.C.B. of CD = W.C.B. of CB – ∠C = 312°25′40″ – 131°01’40'’ = 181°34′00″
W.C.B. of DC = 180° + 181°34′00″ = 361°34′00″ – 360° = 1°34′00″
W.C.B. of DE = W.C.B. of DC – ∠D = 361°34′00″ – 128°03′00″ = 233°31′00″
W.C.B. of ED = 180° + 233°31′00″ = 413°31′00″ – 360° = 53°31′00″
W.C.B. of EF = W.C.B. of ED – ∠E = 413°31′00″ – 94°55′20″ = 318°35′40″
W.C.B. of FE = 180° + 318°35′40″ = 498°35′40″ – 360° = 138°35′40″
W.C.B. of FA = W.C.B. of FE – ∠F = 498°35′40″ – 156°00′00″ = 342°35′40″
W.C.B. of AF = 180° + 342°35′40″ = 522°35′40″ – 360° = 162°35′40″
W.C.B. of AB = W.C.B. of AF – ∠A = 162°35′40″ – 120°35′40″ = 42°00′00″. (Check)
(b) Computation of Quadrantal bearings (R.B.)
W.C.B. of AB = 42°
AB being N-E quadrant, R.B. = N42°E
W.C.B. of BC = 132°35′40″
BC being S-E quadrant, R.B. = S (180° – 132°35′40″) E = S47°24′20″E
W.C.B. of CD = 181°34′00″
CD being S-W quadrant, R.B. = S(181°34′00″ – 180°)W = S1°34′00″W
W.C.B. of DE = 233°31′00″
DE being S-W quadrant, R.B. = S(233°31′00″ – 180°)W = S53°31′00″W
W.C.B. of EF = 318°35’40″
EF being N-W quadrant, R.B. = N(360° – 318°35’40″)W = N41°24′20″W
W.C.B. of FA = 342°35′40″
FA being N-W quadrant, R.B. = N(360° – 342°35′40″)W = N17°24′20″W.
4. A closed-loop traverse ABCDA was run around an area and the following
observations were made:

Adjust the angular error, if any, and calculate the coordinates of other
stations if the coordinates of the station A are E1000 m and N1000 m.
ANS:
Adjustment of angular error
Σ Included angles = 86°30′02″ + 80°59′34″ + 91°31′29″ + 100°59′15″ = 360°00′2040″
Theoretical sum of the included angles = (2n – 4). 90° = (2 × 4 – 4) × 90° = 360°
Total error = 360°00′2040″ – 360° = + 20″
Total correction = – 20″.
Assuming the conditions of observation at different stations constant, the total correction can be
distributed equally to each angle.
Thus the correction to individual angle = -20/4= – 5″.
 
Computation of W.C.B.
W.C.B. of AB = 140°11′40″ (given)
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 140°11′40″ = 320°11′40″
W.C.B. of BC = W.C.B. of BA + ∠B = 320°11′40″ + 80°59′29″ – 360° = 41°11′09″
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 40°11′09″ = 221°11′09″
W.C.B. of CD = W.C.B. of CB + ∠C = 221°11′09″ + 91°31′24″ = 312°42′33″
W.C.B. of DC = 180° + 312°42′33″ – 360° = 132°42′33″
W.C.B. of DA = W.C.B. of DC + ∠D = 132°42′33″ + 100°59′10″ = 233°41′43″
W.C.B. of AD = 180° + 233°41′43″ – 360° = 53°41′43″
W.C.B. of AB = W.C.B. of AD + ∠A = 53°41′43″ + 86°29′57″ = 140°11′40″. (Check)
5. The following data were collected while running a closed traverse ABCDA. Calculate the
missing data.

ANS. Let the length of BC be l and the bearing of DA be “θ “ then the consecutive coordinates of
the lines are :
DAB = lAB sin θ AB = 330 × sin 181°25 ′ = – 8.159 m
LAB = lAB cos θ AB = 330 × cos 181°25 ′ = – 329.899 m
DBC = lBC sin θ BC = l × sin 89°50 ′
LBC = lBC cos θ BC = l × cos 89°50 ′
DCD = lCD sin θ CD = 411 × sin 355°00 ′ = – 35.821 m
LCD = lCD cos θ CD = 411 × cos 355°00 ′ = + 409.436 m
DDA = lDA sin θ DA = 827 × sin θ
LDA = lDA cos θ DA = 827 × cos θ
In the closed traverse ABCDA
ΣD = 0.0
ΣL = 0.0
– 8.159 + l × sin 89°50 – 35.821 = 827 × sin θ
– 329.899 + l × cos (89°50′) + 409.436 = 827 × cos θ
827 × sin θ = − 43.980 + 0.999 l …(a)
827 × cos θ = + 79.537 + 0.003 l …(b)
Taking 0.003 l = 0 in Eq. (a), we get cos θ= 79.537/827
θ= 84°29′.
Substituting the value of θ in Eq. (a), we get
l =84 29*sin43.980’+ 872 /0.99
= 867.15 m.
length of BC = 867.15 m and the bearing of DA = 84°29’
6. The fore bearings and back bearings of the lines of a closed traverse
ABCDA were recorded as below:
Determine which of the stations are affected by local attraction and
compute the values of the corrected bearings.
ANSWER
In this method the errors in the bearings of the lines are determined and the bearings are
corrected for the respective errors.
By observing the values of the fore bearings and back bearing of the lines, it is found that
the fore bearing and back bearing
of the line CD differ exactly by 180°, i.e., 228° – 48° = 180°.
Therefore both the stations C and D must be free from local attraction. Since for other lines
the difference is not 180°,
the stations A and B are affected by local attraction.
Since station D is free from local attraction, the fore bearing of DA must be correct.
Calculation of corrected bearings
Correct fore bearing of DA = 309°50′ (given)
Correct back bearing of DA = 180° + 309°50′ = 129°50′
Observed back bearing of DA = 129°10′
Line Fore bearing Back bearing
AB 77°30′ 259°10′
BC 110°30′ 289°30′
CD 228°00′ 48°00′
DA 309°50′ 129°10′
Error at A = 129°10′ – 129°50′ = – 40′
Correction at A=+ 40′
Observed fore bearing of AB = 77°30 ′
Correct fore bearing of AB = 77°30 ′ + 40′ = 78°10′
Correct back bearing of AB = 180° + 78°10′ = 258°10′
Observed back bearing of AB = 259°10′
Error at B = 259°10′ – 258°10′ = 1°
Correction at B = – 1°
Observed fore bearing of BC = 110°30′
Correct fore bearing of BC = 110°30′ – 1° = 109°30′
Correct back bearing of BC = 180° + 109°30′ = 289°30′.
(Check) Since the computed back bearing of BC is equal to its observed back
bearing, the last computation provides a check over the entire computation.
below:

Line Corrected Fore bearing Corrected Back bearing

AB 78°30′ 258°10′
BC 109°30′ 289°30′
CD 228°00′ 48°00′
DA 309°50′ 129°50′
Q-7. The angles at the stations of a closed traverse ABCDEFA
were observed as given below:
Traverse station Traverse station
A 120°35′00′′
B 89°23′40′′
C 131°01′00′′
D 128°02′20′′
E 94°54′40′′
F 155°59′20′′

Adjust the angular error in the observations, if any, and calculate the bearings
of the traverse lines in the following systems if whole circle bearing of the line
AB is 42°:
(a) Whole circle bearing in sexagesimal system.
(b) Quadrantal bearing in sexagesimal system.
Solution:
Adjustment of angular error
The sum of the internal angles of a polygon having n sides is (2n - 4). 90°,
therefore for six sides polygon
Σ Internal angles = (2 × 6 – 4) × 90° = 720°
Σ Observed internal angles = 719°56′00′′
Total error = 719°56′00′′ – 720° = – 4′
Total correction = 4′ or 240′′.
Since the error is of some magnitude, it implies that the work is of relatively low
order; therefore, the correction may be applied equally to each angle assuming
that the conditions were constant at the time of observation and the angles were
measured with the same precision.
Hence the correction to each angle = 240 ′/6 = 40″.
The corrected included angles are given in the following table:

Traverse station Included angle correction Adjusted value

A 120°35′00″ + 40″ 120°35′40″

B 89°23′40″ + 40″ 89°24′20″

C 131°01′00″ + 40″ 131°01′40″

D 128°02′20″ ″ + 40″ 128°03′00″

E 94°54′40″ ″ + 40″ 94°55′20″

F 155°59′20″ + 40″ 156°00′00″

SUM 719°56′00″ + 240″ 720°00′00″
(a) Calculation of W.C.B. W.C.B. of AB = 42° (given)
W.C.B. of BA = 180° + 42° = 222°00′00″
W.C.B. of BC = W.C.B. of BA – ∠B
= 222°00′00″ – 89°24′20″ = 132°35′40″
W.C.B. of CB = 180° + 132°35′40″ = 312°35′40″
W.C.B. of CD = W.C.B. of CB – ∠C = 312°25′40″ – 131°01’40'’ = 181°34′00″
W.C.B. of DC = 180° + 181°34′00″ = 361°34′00″ – 360° = 1°34′00″
W.C.B. of DE = W.C.B. of DC – ∠D = 361°34′00″ – 128°03′00″ = 233°31′00″
W.C.B. of ED = 180° + 233°31′00″ = 413°31′00″ – 360° = 53°31′00″
W.C.B. of EF = W.C.B. of ED – ∠E = 413°31′00″ – 94°55′20″ = 318°35′40″
W.C.B. of FE = 180° + 318°35′40″ = 498°35′40″ – 360° = 138°35′40″
W.C.B. of FA = W.C.B. of FE – ∠F = 498°35′40″ – 156°00′00″ = 342°35′40″
W.C.B. of AF = 180° + 342°35′40″ = 522°35′40″ – 360° = 162°35′40″
W.C.B. of AB = W.C.B. of AF – ∠A = 162°35′40″ – 120°35′40″ = 42°00′00″.
(Check)
Q-8.The following data were collected while running a closed
traverse ABCDA. Calculate the missing data
LINE LENGTH BEARING
AB 330 181°25′
BC ? 89°50′
CD 411 355°00′
DA 827 ?

Solution :
Let the length of BC be l and the bearing of DA be θ then the consecutive
coordinates of the lines are
DAB = lAB sin θ AB = 330 × sin 181°25 ′ = – 8.159 m
LAB = lAB cos θ AB = 330 × cos 181°25 ′ = – 329.899 m
DBC = lBC sin θ BC = l × sin 89°50 ′
LBC = lBC cos θ BC = l × cos 89°50 ′
DCD = lCD sin θ CD = 411 × sin 355°00 ′ = – 35.821 m
LCD = lCD cos θ CD = 411 × cos 355°00 ′ = + 409.436 m
DDA = lDA sin θ DA = 827 × sin θ LDA =
lDA cos θ DA = 827 × cos θ
In the closed traverse ABCDA
ΣD = 0.0
ΣL = 0.0
– 8.159 + l × sin 89°50 – 35.821 = 827 × sin θ
– 329.899 + l × cos (89°50′)+409.436 = 827 × cos θ
827 × sin θ= − 43.980 + 0.999 l …(a)
827 × cos θ= + 79.537 + 0.003 l …(b)
Taking 0.003 l = 0 in Eq. (a), we get
cos θ=79.537/827
θ= 84°29′.
Substituting the value of θ in Eq. (a), we get
l =43.980+872sin84°29′
= 867.15 m.
Now substituting the value of l = 867.15 m in Eq. (b), we get the value of θ in the second
iteration as
cos θ = 79.537+ 0.003 867.15 /827
= 84°18 ′
and the value of l as
l=43.98+827sin 84°18 ′
= 867.78 m.
Taking the value of θ and l for the third iteration, we get
cos θ=79.537+0.003x867.78/827
= 84°18¢.
Since the value of θ has not changed, the value of l will be same as in the second iteration, and
therefore, the length of BC = 867.78 m and the bearing of DA = 84°18
Q-9)In a closed loop traverse of 1km total length the closing
errors in departure and latitude are 0.3m and 0.4m
respectively. Find the relative precision of this traverse .

 
Q-10)Close traverse ABCD

  LENGTH BEARING
AB 70 140
BC 200 40
CD 40 340
DA ? ?

 
 
 12.         State what errors are eliminated by repetition method.

Solution:

1. Errors due to imperfect eccentricity of verniers and centres are eliminated

by reading both verniers and taking the mean of the reading.
 
2. Errors due to imperfect adjustment of the instrument are eliminated by taking face left and right observations.
 
3. Errors due to inaccurate graduations on the main scale are eliminated as the readings are spread over
fferent parts of the circle.
 
4. Errors due to inaccurate bisection of the signal are eliminated, as they tend to balance each other. All the
errors are also minimized as the number of repetitions divides the sum.
13.Define closing error.
 
Solution:

If a closed traverse is plotted according to the field measurements, the end point of the traverse will not coincide
exactly with the starting point, due to the errors in the field observations. Such as error is known as closing error.
 
Closing error  e = ? ( ?L) 2 + ( ?D) 2.
 
where,                  ?L  = sum of latitudes.
?D  = sum of departures.
The direction of closing error
tan ? = ?D  / ?L.
 14.Explain the Bowditch's rule in balancing the traverse.

Solution:

The Bowditch's rule (compass rule) is used to balance a traverse where the linear and angular
measurements are of equal precision. In this method the error in linear measurements are proportional to ?
l and the error in angular measurements are inversely proportional to ?l ,where l is the length of the line.
 
Correction to latitude (or departure) of any side
 
= Total error in latitude (or departure) x [ Length of that side / Perimeter of traverse.]
 
C L = ? L .( l / ?l)
 
C D = ? D .( l / ?l)
where,
 
? L = Total error in Latitude.
 
? D = Total error in  Departure.
 
l = Length of the side ?l = Perimeter of traverse.
 15. What is an anallatic lens? What is the use of an anallatic lens?
 
Solution:

It is a special convex lens fitted between the object glass and eye piece, at a fixed distance from the
object glass, inside the telescope of a tacheometer.
 
The use of an anallatic lens is to reduce the additive constant ( C ) to zero. Tacheometric equation, D =
Ks + C. Where,
 
D = horizontal distance between the staff and the instrument station. S = staff intercept
 
K = multiplying constant. C = additive constant.
 

16. Name the two methods of measuring horizontal angles using a thedolite.
When each method is advantageously used?
Solution:

The two methods: (i). Repetition method.

(ii). Reiteration method (Direct method).
 
The method of repetition is preferred for the measurement of a single angle. The method of reiteration is
preferred in triangulation, where a number of
 
angles may be required at one point by the instrument.
 
The method of repetition appears to be better, it is more time consuming and even many repetitions
may yield ordinary results.