Distance Protection and Relay

Settings Calculations
Contents
1) Over view about Distance Protection
2) System Parameter requirement
3) Setting Calculation
1) Over view about Distance Protection
What is Distance Protection and Why..?
A Protection scheme which protect the transmission line
by using Impedance method

Coordination of overcurrent and directional over current

relays is achieved using time delays
The time delays would become exceptionally long when
applied to large power systems
Not possible to protect complex systems using
overcurrent & directional overcurrent relays
Evolution of Line distance Protection

• O/C
87D 21
50/51/50N
Impedance
/51N/67/ Line diff
•
67N E/F
Protection
Line Protections at various voltage levels

Less than 132kV • 50/51/50N/51N/67/67N

• Main Protection-21
132kV,220kV • Backup Protection-67/67N

Above • Main Protection -21

200kV • Backup Protection-21
Distance Protections
Zones of protections
Power swing
Stub over current
SOTF
Directional Earth Fault & Over current
Over Voltage
Broken conductor
VT fuse failure
Different manufactures Line Protection
relays
Micom P444,P443,P442
ABB-REL670,REL 615
Siemens-7SA522,7SA611,7SA621,7SA622
GE-D60
SEL-321,SEL-311
NR-PCS-902,RCS-902
EASUN-REYROLLE-CS201,L-PRO 2100
Distance protection
characteristics
IMPEDANCE
MHO jX OFFSETMHO
jX
jX

Zs Zs
Zs R

R R
Zs’

CROSS/MEMORY
jX POLARIZED MHO
jX QUADRILATERAL
LENTICULAR

jX
Zs
Zs

R Zs
R
R

Zs’
Quadrilateral Characteristics
Data Required to calculate
Zone reach settings.
Length of Protected line
Per km value of Zero and Positive sequence of the
conductor
Length of adjacent shortest line
Length of adjacent longest line
Other end Transformer details
Voltage level of the protect
CT,CVT ratio
Fault level at remote and local End
Relay Manuals
 Positive Sequence & Zero Sequence Values of
Different Conductors
Positive Sequence impedance zero Sequence Impedance
sl. No. Conductor R/Km X/Km Z Line angle ph R/Km X/Km Z Line angle Nu

1 3/0 B&S Cu. 0.3188 0.4548 0.5554 54.9708 0.4676 1.3255 1.4056 70.5686
2 Cat 0.3540 0.4480 0.5710 51.6850 0.5030 1.5290 1.6096 71.7902
3 Coyote 0.1910 0.3810 0.4262 63.3748 0.3400 1.2510 1.2964 74.7953
4 Deer 0.08002 0.4008 0.4087 78.7093 0.2290 1.2300 1.2511 79.4535
5 Drake 0.0804 0.3999 0.4079 78.6322 0.2290 1.2460 1.2669 79.5859
6 Ferret 0.7627 0.4100 0.8659 28.2609 0.9120 1.5400 1.7898 59.3657
7 Gog 0.3083 0.4132 0.5155 53.2724 0.4556 1.4470 1.5170 72.5230
8 Kundha 0.0847 0.4413 0.4494 79.1352 0.2380 1.2100 1.2332 78.8723
9 Leopand 0.2470 0.4210 0.4881 59.5999 0.3950 1.4090 1.4633 74.3397
10 Lynx 0.1618 0.3884 0.4208 67.3843 0.3108 1.3043 1.3408 76.5970
11 Minc 0.5138 0.2690 0.5800 27.6343 0.6588 1.4870 1.6264 66.1048
12 Moose 0.0299 0.3318 0.3331 84.8507 0.2015 1.0950 1.1134 79.5732
13 Owl 0.3188 0.4600 0.5597 55.2764 0.4680 1.3050 1.3864 70.2711
14 Oyote 0.1910 0.3810 0.4262 63.3748 0.3400 1.2510 1.2964 74.7953
15 Patridge 0.2405 0.4040 0.4702 59.2348 0.3895 1.1697 1.2328 71.5827
16 Rabbit 0.6740 0.4870 0.8315 35.8501 0.8240 1.4320 1.6522 60.0831
17 Racoon 0.3959 0.4210 0.5779 46.7599 0.3950 1.4090 1.4633 74.3397
18 Wolf 0.2137 0.4029 0.4561 62.0583 0.3626 1.1053 1.1633 71.8376
19 Zebra 0.0848 0.4096 0.4183 78.3032 0.2338 1.8520 1.8667 82.8049
66KV
20 Cable-
630Sq-mm 0.0386 0.1430 0.1481 74.8942 0.1460 0.0670 0.1606 24.6506
LINE NAME 400kV Line (Deedwana- Bikaner)
SUBSTATION NAME 400kV Deedwana SS

Terminal Bikaner
 Sl. No SYSTEM PARTICULARS  

Line Parameters Details

1 Rated Line Voltage in KV 400kV
2 Line Length in kms 145 km
R1= 0.0299 R/KM, X1= 0.3318X/km,
3
Positive sequence impedance of line Ohm/Km Z=0.3331
R0= 0.2015R/KM ,X0= 1.0950 X/km,
4
Zero sequence of line in Ohm/Km Z=1.1134
5 Maximum power transfer in MVA 675MVA
Minimum Voltage in KV during maximum power
6 380kV
transfer
8 Line max through fault current ----
9 CT ratio Adopted 2000/1A
10 -----
Max through fault current
11 14887MVA
Fault level at remote end (Bikaner)
12 7510MVA
Fault level at local station(Deedwana)
13 146km
Length of shortest line in km
14 146km
Length of longest line in km
15 Twin Moose
Conductor Type
Calculations for Zone Reach
Step 1: collection of setting parameters

Comparison of Zone-1 Settings in different relay:-

Step :2
Selection of zones reach:-

C D

A B

E F
Step 3 (for NR-PCS902)
Calculation of per Km conductor impedance :
Positive Seq Impedance Z1=√X1+R1
Positive Seq Impedance Angle = tan¯¹(X1/R1)
Zero Seq Impedance Z0=√X0+R0
Zero Seq Impedance Angle = tan¯¹(X0/R0)
Calculation of Total Line Impedance
Positive seq Impedance = Line length *Z1∟θᵒ
Zero Seq Impedance = Line length *Z0∟θᵒ
Step 4: (for NR-PCS902)
Zone Calculation :-
ZG1 Z & ZP1 Z(Impedance reach setting of Z- 1 of Ph-G fault )=
80 % * LL * Positive seq Imp * (CTR/PTR)
ZG1 R(Resistive reach setting of Z- 1 of Ph-G fault) =
(R1Line + R arc +R tower footing resi)*(CTR/PTR)
ZP1 Z(Resistive reach setting of Z- 1 of Ph-Ph fault) =
(R1Line + (1/2*R arc ))*(CTR/PTR)
R1 Line= 80%*LL*Positive seq Res*(CTR/PTR)
Van Warrington formula,
R arc =(28710*L)/If^1.4
L-Maximum conductor spacing(m)
If-Minimum Expected Ph-Ph fault current(A)
Tower Footing Resistance:-
Alternate procedure for calculating
resitive reach
Ph-Ph resistive reach= 80% of load resistance
Ph-E resistive reach =90% of Load resistance
Step 5
Calculation of resistive compensation factor:
(Earth loop resistance generally multiply by
compensation resistance multiplication factor of
1+KZ0)
Other zone calculation
Zone 2:
=100% of line Impedance + 20 % of shortest line length
Calculations are same like Zone-1
If transformer includes in other end, need to add 30% of
transformer impedance to the calculations.
Zone 3:
=100% of line Impedance +50 % of longest line length
Zone 4: (Reverse zone)
= 10 % of Zone 1 Impedance.
Zone Time Calculation
Zone 1 :- tZ1 = instantaneous (typically 15 - 35mS)
Zone 2 :- tZ2 = tZ1(down) + CB(down) + Z2(reset) +
Margin
e.g. tZ2 = 35 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 275mS
Zone 3 :- tZ3 = tZ2(down) + CB(down) + Z3(reset) +
Margin
e.g. tZ3 = 275 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 515mS
Distance Scheme
 DUTT – Direct Under-reaching Transfer Trip
 PUTT – Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip
 POTT – Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip
DUTT – Direct Under-reaching Transfer Trip

Zone 1

Bus Bus
Line

Zone 1
PUTT – Permissive Under-reaching
Transfer Trip
Zone 2

Zone 1

Bus Bus
Line

Zone 1

Zone 2

(Z1) Tx

Zone 1

Trip
(Z1) Rx OR Line
AND Breakers

Zone 2 t
o
Auto Reclose
Auto reclose function only for Single phase to earth
fault.(transient fault)
Types Single Pole Auto reclose(for single pole CB)
Three Pole Auto reclose (Gang Operated CB)
Settings :
Dead Time-1 sec
Reclaiming Time-25 sec
Incase of One and half Scheme, Trip co-ordination
between main and tie CB-1 sec
Power Swing due to..?
 Power system faults (System more affected on 3-ph fault, so
power gain is very less)
 Sudden changes to electrical power due to rejection of load or
generators
 These type of disturbances causes oscillation in
machine rotor angles (Load Angle = 90 or 120) & can result in
sever power flow swings. Power swings are variations in power
flow that occur when the internal voltages of generators at
different network locations of the power system slip relative to
each other.
Power Swing Setting Calculation
Generally ΔR & ΔX calculated as
10 to 30% Ph t0 Ph resistive reach
Stub protection(50SB):
LBB Protection
* When Line Isolator is Open all
Impedance related protection will
be blocked in 21 relay for avoiding
the mal tripping .
Bus-bar Protection

*In that condition the

remaining area(from line
Line Isolator status
isolator to tie connecting
point) will be covered by over
current protection.
Over Voltage Protection
Due to frantic effect
Normal Settings 110 % and 130%
DT send to other end.
Broken Condutor
Operating by the value of I2/I1
Normally settings will be  20% to 30%
VT Supervision
To block the protection form VT fuse failure
Operating by I2 & I0 values
Normal settings 100mA in secondary
Thank U…
Questions ..?