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Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

This document discusses different types of polymer matrices used in composite materials. It describes thermoset polymers which cure irreversibly and develop a bonded 3D structure. Examples include epoxy, polyester, phenolic and polyimide resins. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and remolded, examples include polyethylene, polypropylene and polyetheretherketone. Rubber polymers are elastic and crosslinked during vulcanization. The document compares properties of thermoset and thermoplastic matrices and notes advantages of thermoplastics like recyclability. Prepregs are semi-finished composites of matrix reinforced with fibers.

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278 views

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

This document discusses different types of polymer matrices used in composite materials. It describes thermoset polymers which cure irreversibly and develop a bonded 3D structure. Examples include epoxy, polyester, phenolic and polyimide resins. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and remolded, examples include polyethylene, polypropylene and polyetheretherketone. Rubber polymers are elastic and crosslinked during vulcanization. The document compares properties of thermoset and thermoplastic matrices and notes advantages of thermoplastics like recyclability. Prepregs are semi-finished composites of matrix reinforced with fibers.

Uploaded by

cuma mencoba
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reasons for the use of polymeric materials as

matrices in composites
• i. The mechanical properties of polymers are
inadequate for structural purposes, hence
benefits are gained by reinforcing the polymers
• Processing of PMCs need not involve high pressure
and high temperature
• The equipment required for PMCs are much simpler
Disadvantages of PMC
• Low maximum working temperature
• High coefficient of thermal expansion-
dimensional instability
• Sensitivity to radiation and moisture
Classification of Polymer Matrices

• 1. Thermoset
• 2. Thermoplastic- crystalline amorphous
• 3. Rubber
Thermoset
• Thermoset materials are usually liquid or
malleable prior to curing, and designed to be
molded into their final form
• has the property of undergoing a chemical
reaction by the action of heat, catalyst,
ultraviolet light, etc., to become a relatively
insoluble and infusible substance.
• They develop a well-bonded three-dimensional
structure upon curing. Once hardened or
cross-linked, they will decompose rather than
melt.
• A thermoset material cannot be melted and
re-shaped after it is cured.
• Thermoset materials are generally stronger than
thermoplastic materials due to this 3-D network
of bonds, and are also better suited to
high-temperature applications up to the
decomposition temperature of the material.
• Some examples of Thermosets are
• Polyester resin (used in glass-reinforced
plastics/fibreglass (GRP))
• Epoxy resin (used as an adhesive and in fibre
reinforced plastics such as glass reinforced
plastic and graphite-reinforced plastic)
• Polyimides used in printed circuit boards and in
body parts of modern airplanes
• Vulcanized rubber
• Phenolic
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• Polyester
• polyester resins are generally copolymers of
unsaturated polyesters with styrene
• Styrene is the crosslinking monomer and curing is
effected by the use of an organic peroxide
initiator which generates free radicals leading
to the formation of 3-D network
• Are relatively inexpensive and have low
viscosities, which is beneficial in many
fabrication processes
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• Epoxy
• is a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures
(polymerizes and crosslinks) when mixed with a
catalyzing agent or hardener.
• More expensive and more viscous than polyester
• Epoxies have a major advantage in that they are
usually cured in two or more stages. This allows
preforms to be pre-impregnated with the epoxy in
a partially cured state
• The pre-preg may be stores, before moulded into
the final shape and then cured
• Generally start as linear low molecular weight
polymer, curing agents such as polyamides
polyamines were used as curing agents
• The mechanical properties depend on the
particular resin system and the curing generally
epoxies are stiffer and stronger, but brittle
than polyester
• Epoxies maintain their properties to higher
temperature than polyester
Phenolic

• Produced by reacting phenol and formaldehyde,


characteristics of the resin product depending on
the proportions of the reactant and catalyst
• Good fire resistance
• An undesirable feature of phenolic resin-
volatile by-product are evolved during curing
hence high pressures are often necessary in
composite production
Polyimides
• More expensive, less widely used than polyester
and epoxies, but can withstand relatively high
service temperature
• The presence of ring structure, results in high
stiffness, low CTE, and service temperature as
high as 425C for several hours
• Like other thermoset, polyimides are brittle

where R' and R? are two carbon atoms of an


aromatic ring.
Thermoplastic

• is a plastic that melts to a liquid when heated


and freezes to a brittle, very glassy state when
cooled sufficiently.
• Most thermoplastics are high molecular weight
polymers whose chains associate through weak van
der Waals forces (polyethylene) stronger
dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding
(nylon) or even stacking of aromatic rings
(polystyrene).
• The bondings are easily broken by the cobined
action of thermal activation and applied stress,
thats why thermoplastics flow at elevated
temperature
• unlike thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic can
be remelted and remolded.
• Thermoplastics can go through melting/freezing
cycles repeatedly and the fact that they can be
reshaped upon reheating gives them their name
• Some thermoplastics normally do not crystallize
they are termed amorphous plastics and are
useful at temperatures below the Tg. They are
frequently used in applications where clarity is
important. Some typical examples of amorphous
thermoplastics are PMMA, PS and PC.
• Generally, amorphous thermoplastics are less
chemically resistant
• Depends on the structure of the thermoplastics,
some of the polymeric structure can be folded to
form crystalline regions, will crystallize to a
certain extent and are called semi-crystalline
for this reason.
• Typical semi-crystalline thermoplastics are PE,
PP, PBT and PET.
• Semi-crystalline thermoplastics are more
resistant to solvents and other chemicals. If the
crystallites are larger than the wavelength of
light, the thermoplastic is hazy or opaque.
• Why HDPE exhibits higher cystallinity than LDPE?
• Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a semicrystalline
polymer having 20-40 crystallinity.
• It has a rigid backbones, which gives high Tg and
Tm (Tg 143C and Tm 343C). Can be employed at
temperature as high as 230C)
• It is possible to blend two or more polymers to
obtain a multi-phase product with enhances
properties
Comparison of typical ranges of
property values for thermoset and
thermoplastics
• Properties t/set t/plastic
• Youngs Modulus (GPa)1.3-6.0 1.0-4.8
• Tensile strength(MPa) 20-180 40-190
• Max service temp.(ºC) 50-450 25-230
• Fracture toughness,KIc 0.5-1.0 1.5-6.0
• (MPa1/2)
Thermoplastics are expected to receive
attention compared to thermoset due
to
• Ease of processing
• Can be recycled
• No specific storage
• Good fracture modulus
Rubber
• Common characteristics
• Large elastic elongation (i.e. 200)
• Can be stretched and then immediately return to
their original length when the load was released
• Elastomers are sometimes called rubber or rubbery
materials
• The term elastomer is often used interchangeably
with the term rubber
• Natural rubber is obtained from latex from Hevea
Brasiliensis tree which consists of 98
poliisoprena
• Synthetic rubber is commonly produced from
butadiene, spt styrene-butadiene (SBR) dan
nitrile-butadiene (NBR)
• To achieve properties suitable for structural
purposed, most rubbers have to be vulcanized the
long chain rubber have to be crosslinked
• The crosslinking agent in vulcanization is
commonly sulphur, and the stiffness and strength
increases with the number of crosslinks
PREPREG
• It is short form for pre-impregnation material
• It is a semifinished product
• It will be used in next processing technique to
obtain a finish product
• It can be produced from thermoset or
thermoplastic matrix
Thermoplastic prepregs are getting
attention due to
• Easy storage
• High toughness
• Fast easy processing
• Can be recycled

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