Slide 21 and 9 is important

• Define sampling and its types

• Define CLT, sampling error, standard error, sampling
distribution,probability.
• Write a short note on any one of the following\
• Stratified cluster SRS Systematic
 Information Collection & Sampling
techniques
• Information can be obtained from the following two methods.
• Census: • obtaining information for the entire population of interest.
• conducting a census may be time consuming, costly, impractical,
or even impossible.

• Sampling: • Process of selecting a sample.

• Method for obtaining a sample from the population.
• Because the sample will be used to draw conclusions about the
entire population, it should be a representative sample.
 What we will learn?
• How to conduct surveys.
• How to make sure they are representative,
• and what can go wrong.
Why sampling?
 When a census is not possible?
• Suppose you are being recommended for a Lipid profile test.

• Would you prefer to measure the entire population of your blood, or

would you prefer to give a blood sample?

• For a textile company, What percentages of raw fabric are defective?

 Speed
• It takes several years to successfully plan and execute a census of the
entire population.

• Getting figures such as monthly unemployment rates would be

impossible with a census.

• It is much faster to collect a sample than a census if the population is

large
 Accuracy
• If the sample is representative, then the inferences made from the
sample will be almost accurate.
 Remember!
• Data must represents the larger group on the
topic of interest.

• What can happened if the samples are not

representative? See the case study in the next
slide.
what can happen when a sample is not representative?
 An important method of ensuring that
sample data represents a larger population is
to use a Probability Sampling.
 Probability Sampling
• Most modern sampling procedures involve the use of probability sampling.

• In probability sampling, a random device—such as tossing a coin, consulting a

table of random numbers, or employing a random-number generator—is
used to decide which members of the population will constitute the sample
instead of leaving such decisions to human judgment.

• Probability sampling eliminates unintentional selection bias and permits the

researcher to control the chance of obtaining a non-representative sample.
 Simple Random Sampling

• There are two types of simple random sampling.

• Sampling with replacement
• Sampling without replacement
 Example # 01: Sampling without replacement
• The top five state officials of Oklahoma are as shown: (i) Governor (G),
(ii) Lieutenant Governor (L), (iii) Secretary of State (S), (iv) Attorney
General (A), and (v) Treasurer (T). Consider these five officials a
population of interest.
•
Example # 02: Sampling with replacement
• Select random samples of size 2 from a population of 5 students:
Ahmer, Bilal, Chand, Daniyal and Ejaz.
AA, BA, CA, DA, EA
AB, BB, CB, DB, EB
AC, BC, CC, DC, EC
AD, BD, CD, DD, ED
AE, BE, CE, DE, EE
• (a) P(Ahmer)
Example # 03:
• Assume students as a population and the marks obtained by them in
a certain statistics class are 20, 15, 12, 16, and 18. Draw all possible
random samples of two students when sampling is done
• (i) with replacement
• ii) without replacement
• Calculate the mean marks for each samples.
20, 15, 12, 16, and 18.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
• The probability distribution of a statistic computed from all possible
samples of the same size is called a sampling distribution.
• Since sampling distribution is a probability distribution, therefore the
sum of all probabilities is always one.
• Sampling distribution of a statistics provide all the information one
needs in making decisions about the values of the population
parameters.
• The sampling distribution of a statistic depends on the distribution of
the population, the size of the samples, and the method of choosing
the samples.
 Standard Error (S.E) & Sampling Error
• The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of a sample statistic
is called the standard error of the statistic.
• It measures the dispersion of the value of a statistic, that might be computed
from all possible samples.
• Sampling error is the error resulting from using a sample to estimate
a population characteristic.
 Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

• Suppose a researcher selects a sample of 30 adult males and finds the

mean of the measure of the triglyceride levels for the sample subjects
to be 187 milligrams/deciliter.
• Then suppose a second sample is selected, and the mean of that
sample is found to be 192 milligrams/deciliter.
• Continue the process for 100 samples.
• 187, 192, 184, . . . , 196
• What happens?
• The mean becomes a random variable.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean
Example # 03:
• Suppose a professor gave an 8-point quiz to a small class of four
students. The results of the quiz were 2, 6, 4, and 8. For the sake of
discussion, assume that the four students constitute the population.
• (a) Calculate population mean and standard deviation.
• (b) Draw the graph of original distribution.
• (c) Draw all possible samples of size 2 with replacement & Calculate
mean of each sample.
• (d) Construct Frequency distribution of Sample Mean and repeat Part
(a) & (b)
2, 6, 4, and 8
sample sample mean 5 pop mean
2 2 2 2.236068 pop SD
2 6 4
2 4 3 Sampling dist of a sample mean
2 8 5 xbar f
6 4 5 2 1
6 8 7 3 2
4 8 6 4 3
6 6 6 5 4
4 4 4 6 3
8 8 8 7 2
6 2 4 8 1
4 2 3 toal 16
8 2 5
4 6 5 1.581139
8 6 7
 Central Limit Theorem (Contd.)
• If the sample size is sufficiently large, the central limit theorem can be
used to answer questions about sample means in the same manner
that a normal distribution can be used to answer questions about
individual values. The only difference is that a new formula must be
used for the z values. It is
Example # 04
• Hours That Children Watch Television: A. C. Neilsen reported that children
between the ages of 2 and 5 watch an average of 25 hours of television per
week. Assume the variable is normally distributed and the standard
deviation is 3 hours. If 20 children between the ages of 2 and 5 are randomly
selected, find the probability that the mean of the number of hours they
watch television will be greater than 26.3 hours. Z = 1.94 (0.0262)
• Age of Vehicle: The average age of a vehicle registered in the United States
is 8 years, or 96 months. Assume the standard deviation is 16 months. If a
random sample of 36 vehicles is selected, find the probability that the mean
of their age is between 90 and 100 months.
0.02619
Summary of Formulas
Example # 05:
• Suppose that the population of interest consists of the five starting players on
a men’s basketball team, who we will call A, B, C, D, and E. Further suppose
that the variable of interest is height, in inches.

• (a.) Obtain the sampling distribution of the sample mean for samples of size 2.
• (b.) Make some observations about sampling error when the mean height of a
random sample of two players is used to estimate the population mean height.
Example # 06:
 Other 3 methods of sampling

• Samples randomly selected from each strata.

• Within strata population is same relative to the characteristics under study.

• Some clusters are randomly selected.

• Every unit of selected clusters are included in the sample.