Topic 1

Word Classes
 All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of
speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word
classes in English are listed below :

Nouns Verb Adjective Adverb

Pronoun Preposition Conjunction Determiner

 NOUNS
A noun is a word that identifies :

- a person (woman, boy, doctor, neighbour)

- a thing (dog, building, tree, country)

- an idea, quality, or state (truth, danger, birth, happiness).

Nouns can be either countable or uncountable

Countable nouns :
cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries).

Uncountable nouns : rain, flour, earth, wine, or wood

THE ANALYSIS
Countable nouns
• I really love cats .
• How many women had he promised to marry ?
• Italy is a very beautiful country .

Uncountable nouns
• I don’t mind walking in the rain .
• He is the richest man on earth .
• Tom grabbed a piece of wood and hit Jerry with it .
 Verbs
A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English. In fact, you can’t
have a sentence or a question without a verbs ! That’s how important these “action”
parts of speech are. There are many kinds of verbs as follow :

Transitive Verb : do, enjoy, speak, touch, give

Intransitive Verb : come, fall, happen, sleep, swim

Linking Verb : smell, feel, taste, seem, grow

Modal Verb : can, could, should, might

 THE ANALYSIS
• We all enjoy the movie.
Transitive Verbs • They speak Japanese fluently.

• Come and see me anytime you like.

Intransitive Verbs • I swear it’ll never happen again.

• Come and see me anytime you like.

Linking Verbs • It doesn’t smell like cookies

• He can play guitar.

Modal Verbs • You should tell the truth.
 Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, or further defines a noun or a pronoun. There are thousands of adjectives available to
describe how something feels, looks, sounds, tastes, and acts. There are different kinds of adjectives; these are :

Descriptive Adjectives : tired, amazing, pretty, bad

Adjectives of Quantity : more, many, much, a lot

Demonstrative Adjectives : this, that, there, these

Possessive Adjective : my, his, her, their

 The Analysis

Descriptive Adjective
• You are an amazing woman .
• I am very tired, but I couldn’t sleep .
Adjective of Quantity
• The plants need more water .
• They own many houses .

Demonstrative Adjective
• This is her purse .
• There are many car in front of her house .

Possessive Adjective
• She borrowed my white shirt .
• Their shoes are pretty .
 Adverb
Adverbs tell us things about actions that are performed. For example, an adverb tells us when, where, how, in what
manner, or to what extent an action is performed. They most commonly modify verbs, but they can also modify
adjectives or other adverbs.

Adverb of Manner : angrily, happily, easily, fluently

Adverb of Place : here, somewhere, inside, outside

Adverb of Time : yesterday, now, today, tomorrow

Adverb of Frequency : usually, often, sometimes, seldom

 The Analysis

Adverb of Manner
They are living happily . He was behaving angrily .

Adverb of Place
She was coming here . They live somewhere in Dubai .

Adverb of Time
I met him yesterday . Please call me now .

Adverb of Frequency
He usually sleeps in the day . They always helped me .
 Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronoun are used so that
our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in
a paragraph. They can be divided into various different categories according to their
role in a sentence, as follows:

Subjective Pronoun : she, we, he, it

Objective Pronoun : her, us, his, it

Possessive Pronoun : hers, ours, his, mine

Reflexive Pronoun : herself, themselves, himself, myself

 The Analysis
Subjective Pronoun
• Kate was tired so she went to bed .
• Michael took the children with him.

Objective Pronoun
• Catherine saw her .
• Nick drove us home .

Possessive Pronoun
• That book is mine .
• John’s eyes met hers .

Reflexive Pronoun
• I fell and hurt myself .
• The children had to look after themselves .
 Preposition
Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they
show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a
Simple Preposition : in, on, from, with, about, by, at, to
sentence. There are various types of prepositions, they are :

Compound Preposition : across, among, beside, between

Phrase Preposition : in spite of, in front of, due to, in order to

Participle Preposition: during, pending, according, given

Double Preposition : out of, because of, within, into, onto

 The Analysis
Simple Preposition Compound Preposition Phrase Preposition

My city is located between two I work hard in order to maintain

Dad is going to the market .
mountains . my position in my class .

I want to know about your According to the map, there

She was from Bali last month .
family . are mountain after this road .

Participle Preposition Double Preposition

She gets sick during summer season . We won the game just because of our professional coach .

My project work is still pending . I need to complete my project within four days.
 Conjunction
The conjunction is the part of speech used as a “joiner” for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular
sentence. It links these words or groups of words together, in such a way that certain relationships among these
different parts of the sentence will be established, and the thoughts that all of these convey will be connected.
In the English language, conjunctions come in three basic types :

Coordinating Conjunction : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

Subordinating Conjunction : while, as soon as, although, even if

Correlative Conjunction : either..or, neither..nor, both..and

 The Analysis

Coordinating Conjunction
• Dad is going to the market .
• She was from Bali last month .

Subordinating Conjunction
• My city is located between two mountains .
• I want to know about your family .

Correlative Conjunction
• I work hard in order to maintain my position in my class .
• According to the map, there are mountain after this road .
 Determiners

A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such as :

a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as
in a cat, the cat, this cat, those cats, every cat, many cats).

The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the

determiner a (or an) as the indefinite article.
 The Analysis
Possessive determiners :
Words like my, our, your, his, her, its, and their are known as possessive determiners. They
come before nouns and indicate ownership of the noun in question, as their name
suggests:

My leg hurts.

James sold his business.

Bring your children with you.