EMBEDDED BASED ANTI-COLLISION SYSTEM IN TRAINS AND CONTROLLING OF UNMANNED RAIL GATES

ABSTRACT

IR transmitter and RF receiver are placed in trains . IR receivers are placed in the tracks at a certain distance apart while, the RF transmitter is placed near the gate. IR signal is received when the IR transmitter comes in line with the receiver. This is applicable when a single train or two trains are moving along the same track. The microcontroller sends suitable control signals to the gate and also to the RF receiver in train via the RF transmitter connected with it. Thus, incase of trains moving along the same track in opposite directions, suitable signals are send so that collision is prevented and also automated gate closure is achieved.

AIM To prevent the head - on collisions in trains and control the unmanned rail gates automatically using embedded platform.

INTRODUCTION

Automation at railways would provide a safe and secure journey to the passengers. At present ,GPS based system used to avoid rail accidents only available, mainly identifies the location of the trains. Billions of rupees are spent at making railway operations free of accidents, be it collision of trains or unmanned rail gates. The usage of IR and RF signals helps in reducing the overall cost and betterment in design.

GPS-BASED SYSTEM

TRANSMITTER MODULE

GPS Receiver

MCU

Transceiver

RECEIVER MODULE
External Computer.

GPS Receiver

MCU

Transceiver

DISADVANTAGES

Unclear resolution, which is difficult to find whether the train is coming in the opposite track. Hardware is larger in size and very expensive. It requires computer as an external device to transfer the information.

Signal from IR TXR(Train 1)

OVERALL-LAYOUT
To RF receiver in train

IR RECEIVER.1 (TSOP1738)

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

ENCODER

RF TRANSMITTER

RF RECEIVER

To the gate section.

DECODER

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

Signal from IR Txn.2(Train 2)

DC MOTOR AND RELAY

Wired communication.

Wireless communication.

HARDWARE USED
IR Transmitter(Would be placed in train) TSOP 1738 Receivers RF 433.92 MHz transmitter and receiver pair Microcontrollers (AT89s52) Decoder Encoder Buzzer DC Motor Stepper motor Relays ULN 2003 IC LM 7805 IC 555 Timer IC Step down transformer(15-0-15) v

SOFTWARE USED Embedded C using Keil

ADVANTAGES
The proposed model is a cost effective one when compared with the existing. Advanced micro-controller AT89S52 with 8K bytes of Insystem re-programmable flash memory. In TSOP1738, continuous data transmission is possible (up to 2400 bytes). Fine resolution and low power consumption. On the whole, it provides a better way of preventing rail accidents.

PROCESSING OF CONTROLLER IN TRANSIMITTER SECTION

If IR RX.1= IR RX,2 ==1 NO

YES

SIGNALS TRANSMITTED FROM RF TRANSMITTER TO RF RECEIVER.

TRAINS

HALT

NO

If IR RX.1^I IR RX.2=1

YES
CLOSURE OF GATE.

STOP

PROCESSING OF CONTROLLER IN RECEIVER SECTION

Check for the input from the RF receiver

While (RX==X) YES Relay trips Enable buzzer

NO

Trains' continue to move

Stop

MICROCONTROLLER

The AT89S52 low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit controller is used in both the transmitter and receiver section in our project.
FEATURES: 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Eight Interrupt Sources 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

IR TRANSMITTER

The transmitter circuit consists of the following components: IC 555 Resistors Capacitors IR LED
The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting unit. To generate IR signal, 555 IC based astable multi-vibrator is used. IC 555 is used to construct an astable multi-vibrator which has two quasi-stable states. It generates a square wave of frequency 38.5kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ON the IR LED.

555 TIMER
ASTABLE MODE: +vcc

IR transmitter uses 555 timer in astable mode for the signal enhancement .

Output Input to LED

COMPONENTS RATING:
RA -10K. RB - 22K. F - 38.5KHZ.

RA

vcc

4
RESET

7
D RB 6 2

DISCHARGE

THRESHOLD
TRIGGER

FORMULA USED: 5 C F = 1.45 (RA + RB ) c

GND

CONTROL

IR RECEIVER

DESCRIPTION:
The TSOP17...-series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems used for the same in the project. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. When IR receiver1 receives the logic level 0, the P1.0 pin of ATMEL controller will be activated. Correspondingly when received form IR receiver2 P1.1 pin will be activated.

FEATURES:
Internal filter for PCM frequency. TTL and CMOS compatibility. Output active low. Low power consumption. High immunity against ambient light

APPLICATION CIRCUIT

TSOP 17..

1 2 3
100ohms

C 10Kohms

IR TXN.

VCC (+5v) 10F

ENCODER (HT12E)

ENCODER OPERATION:
2^12 Series of encoder begins 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable(TE=0). Data is transmitted until TE=0. once the TE returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle.
I\P pin for address

I\P pin for address & data

OSC1, OSC2 RC Type R=10K TE-Transmission enable

DECODER (HD12D)

DECODER OPERATION: 2^12 Series of decoder receives data transmitted by an encoder through RF transceiver pair. DECODER INTERPRETS: a) The first N bits of code period as address. b) Last 12-N bits as data. HD12Dprovides 4 latch-type data pins whose data remains unchanged until new data is received.

Input add. pins

output
data pins

OSC1,OSC2- RC type R=58 to 65K;C=0.1F VT : Indicates valid transmission.

RF TRANSMITTER MODULE-TX 01-ASK

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This TX 01-ASK Hybrid RF transmitter module transmits the encoded data from HD12E type encoder to the RF receiver through air at particular frequency of 433.92 MHZ FEATURES: Frequency Range: 433.92 MHz Supply Voltage: 3V to 6V Output Power: 4 ~ 12 dbm

APPLICATION CIRCUIT

RF RECEIVER MODULE-RX 02- ASK

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This RX02-ask Hybrid receiver receives the particular RF Signal of frequency (433.92MHZ) through a single core antenna.
FEATURES: Receiver Frequency: 433 MHz Typical Sensitivity: 105 Dbm IF Frequency: 1MHz Low Power Consumption Operating Voltage: 5V

APPLICATION CIRCUIT

VCC

DATA

MCU

POWER SUPPL Y CIRCUIT

CONCLUSION
Reduction in inaccuracy in the transmission of data and overall cost can be achieved. The micro-controller used is a well-advanced version and also has the ability to cope up with our software.

It can be implemented mainly in the rural areas where the existing design of preventing the head-on collisions cannot serve its purpose.
This can be further implemented to have control room to regulate the working of the system. Thus the newly designed system to prevent accidents could overcome all the demerits in the existing design and ultimately prove to be a better design as the task of automation has been accomplished.