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Lecture01vecotor Field1

Dr. Farhad Mahmood gave a lecture on engineering mathematics introducing vectors and scalar fields. He discussed vector basics like magnitude and direction, finding vector components, and projection of vectors. He also introduced scalar fields and vector fields, giving examples like temperature, height maps, and gravitational force. He demonstrated how to sketch vector fields using MATLAB and Mathematica.

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Omed. H
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27 views

Lecture01vecotor Field1

Dr. Farhad Mahmood gave a lecture on engineering mathematics introducing vectors and scalar fields. He discussed vector basics like magnitude and direction, finding vector components, and projection of vectors. He also introduced scalar fields and vector fields, giving examples like temperature, height maps, and gravitational force. He demonstrated how to sketch vector fields using MATLAB and Mathematica.

Uploaded by

Omed. H
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mathmatics

Dr. Farhad Mahmood


Lecture 1
Vector and scalar field
Resources
E Kreyszig, ”Advanced Engineering
Mathematics”, 6th ed., Ch.6, (Wiley)
 https://soaneemrana.org/onewebmedia/ADVANCED%20ENGINEERING%20MATHEMATICS%20BY%20ERWIN%20ERESZIG1.pdf
Resources
 MATLAB

 Wolfram Mathematica: Modern


Technical Computing

Vector Basics
 We will be using vectors a lot in this Ways of writing vector notation
course. F  ma
 
 Remember that vectors have both F  ma
magnitude and direction e.g. a,  F  ma
 You should know how to find the
components of a vector from its
magnitude and direction y
a x  a cos  
a
a y  a sin  ay

 You should know how to find a ax x
vector’s magnitude and direction from
its components a  a x2  a y2

  tan 1 a y / a x
Projection of a Vector and Vector
Components
 When we want a component of a
vector along a particular
direction, it is useful to think of it
as a projection.
 The projection always has length
a cos , where a is the length of
the vector and  is the angle
between the vector and the sin 
a cos 

direction along which you want
the component. a cos 
 You should know how to write a
vector in unit vector notation
 
a  a x iˆ  a y ˆj or a  (a x , a y )
Scalar Fields
 A scalar field is just one where a quantity  Here is another scalar field,
in “space” is represented by numbers, height of a mountain.
such as this temperature map.
Contours far
apart

Contours close Contours


together
flatter
steeper

Side View

September 5, 2007
Vector Fields
 A vector field is one where a quantity in
“space” is represented by both
magnitude and direction, i.e by vectors.
 The vector field bears a close relationship
to the contours (lines of constant
potential energy).
 The steeper the gradient, the larger the
vectors.
 The vectors point along the direction of
steepest descent, which is also
perpendicular to the lines of constant
potential energy.
 Imagine rain on the mountain. The
vectors are also “streamlines.” Water
running down the mountain will follow
these streamlines. Side View

September 5, 2007
Another Example—Pressure
Another Example—Pressure
Surface vs. Volume Vector Fields
 In the example of the mountain, note
that these force vectors are only correct
when the object is ON the surface.
 The actual force field anywhere other
than the surface is everywhere
downward (toward the center of the
Earth.
 The surface creates a “normal force”
everywhere normal (perpendicular) to
the surface.
 The vector sum of these two forces is
what we are showing on the contour
plot.

Side View

September 5, 2007
Vector Field Due to Gravity
 When you consider the
force of Earth’s gravity in
space, it points
everywhere in the
direction of the center of
the Earth. But remember
that the strength is:
 GMm
F   2 rˆ
r

 This is an example of an
inverse-square force
(proportional to the
inverse square of the
distance).
Example
 Sketch the vector field
for 

Solution

Recall that the graph of a vector field is simply sketching the vectors at specific
points for a whole bunch of points. This makes sketching vector fields both
simple and difficult. It is simple to compute the vectors and sketch them, but it is
difficult to know just which points to pick and how many points to pick so we get
a good sketch.
So, let’s start off with just computing some vectors at specific points.

Now we need to “sketch” each of these vectors at the point that generated them. For
example at the point

September 5, 2007
Now we need to “sketch” each of these vectors at the point that
generated them. For example at the point
In the sketch above we didn’t sketch each of these vectors to scale. In other
words we just sketched vectors in the same direction as the indicated vector
rather than sketching the vector with “correct” magnitude. The reason for this
is to keep the sketch a little easier to see. If we sketched all the vectors to
scale we’d just see a mess of overlapping arrows that would be hard to really
see what was going on.
In general, this is how vector fields are sketched. Computing this number of vectors by
hand would so time consuming that it just wouldn’t be worth it. Computers however can
do all those computations very quickly and so we generally just let them do the sketch.
MATLAB
 [X1,Y1] = meshgrid(-6:6,-6:6);
 U1 = 2*X;
 V1 = -2+Y1*0; 6

 quiver(X1,Y1,U1,V1,0) 4

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Mathamtica

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=vectorfield%282x%2C-2%29
Other examples

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/
calciii/VectorFields.aspx
 https://www.intmath.com/blog/mathematics/vector-fields-a-simple-and-
painless-introduction-3345

 Khan acadmy
 https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/thinking-about-
multivariable-function/visualizing-vector-valued-functions/v/vector-fields-
introduction

September 5, 2007

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