Amusement Park Forces

What is a Force?

FORCE = Any push or pull which causes

something to move or change its
speed or direction
 What is a Force?
Forces can be BALANCED or UNBALANCED

 Balanced forces are equal in size and

opposite in direction
 Unbalanced forces are not equal in size
and/or opposite in direction. If the
forces on an object are UNBALANCED,
we say a NET force results.
Amusement Park Forces
 What is a Force?
Can you think of examples of forces?

 Balanced Forces?

 Unbalanced Forces?
 What is Gravity?
GRAVITY:
GRAVITY An attraction force between
all masses
 Newton’s universal law of
gravitation:
gravitation Every object in the
universe exerts a gravitational
attraction to all other objects in the
universe
 The amount of gravitational force
depends upon the mass of the objects
and the distance between the objects
 What is Gravity?

 The greater the mass, the greater

the force
 The greater the distance,
distance the less
the force
 Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8
m/s/s or 9.8 m/s2

Gravity in Space
Weight is a measure of the
gravitational force between two
objects
 The greater the mass the greater
the force (weight)
 Measured in units called Newtons (N)
Weightlessness – free from the
effects of gravity
1) How does the gravity on the
moon compare to the gravity on
Earth?

2) Why don’t you notice your own

gravitational pull on the Earth?

3) On what two things does the

force of gravity depend?
Air resistance: The force of air exerted
on a falling object

 The air pushes up as gravity pulls down

 Dependent upon the shape and surface
area of the object
 When the air resistance equals the force
of gravity, terminal velocity is reached
 Terminal velocity is the highest velocity
that an object will reach as it falls
 Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
resistance is _______ so he
_______ downwards.

2) As his speed increases his air

resistance will _______

3) Eventually the air resistance will be

big enough to _______ the
skydiver’s weight. At this point
the forces are balanced so his
speed becomes ________ - this is
called TERMINAL VELOCITY

Words – increase, small,

constant, balance, accelerates
 Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:

4) When he opens his parachute the

air resistance suddenly ________,
causing him to start _____ ____.

5) Because he is slowing down his air

resistance will _______ again
until it balances his _________.
The skydiver has now reached a
new, lower ________ _______.

Words – slowing down, decrease,

increases, terminal velocity, weight
 Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity…
Velocity Parachute opens –
diver slows down
Speed
increases…

Terminal
velocity
reached…
Mo on
n the
O

Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
 What is Friction?
Friction = A force that opposes or slows down motion
 Caused by the physical contact between moving
surfaces
 The amount of friction depends upon the kinds of
surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces
together
 Changes motion into heat

 *Note that, if the mass and nature of

the surface is constant, than friction
is independent of area in contact.
 So, Terminal velocity depends on …

1. Mass
So, how T.V depends on MASS ?
Terminal velocity
2. Surface area
So, how T.V depends on SURFACE AREA ?
Terminal velocity
 What is Friction?
What are some ways athletes uses
friction?
Acceleration by Brainpop

1) What units are used to measure

speed?

2) What units are used to measure

acceleration?

3) What is another way to say

“slowing down” in terms of
acceleration?
First Law: An object at rest stays at rest
or an object in motion, stays in motion
(in the same direction/at the same
speed) unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
 Also called the law of inertia
 Inertia
 A property of matter
 The tendency of an object to
resist any change in its motion
 The greater the mass the
greater the inertia
 The greater the speed the
greater the inertia
 Examples of Newton’s 1st Law
a) car suddenly stops and you strain against
the seat belt
b) when riding a horse, the horse suddenly
stops and you fly over its head
c) the magician pulls the tablecloth out
from under a table full of dishes
d) the difficulty of pushing a dead car
e) lawn bowling on a cut and rolled lawn
verses an uncut lawn
f) car turns left and you appear to slide to
the right
Examples of Newton’s 1st Law
 Newtons’s 1st Law and You

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes
in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped
by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
Second law: The greater
the force applied to
an object, the more
the object will
accelerate. It takes
more force to
accelerate an object
with a lot of mass
than to accelerate
something with very The player in black had more
acceleration thus he hit with a
little mass. greater amount of force
Second law:
 The greater the force, the greater the
acceleration
 The greater the mass, the greater the
force needed for the same acceleration
 Calculated by: F = ma
 (F = force, m = mass, a =
acceleration)
 Examples of Newton’s 2nd Law

a) hitting a baseball, the harder the hit, the

faster the ball goes
b) accelerating or decelerating a car
c) The positioning of football players -
massive players on the line with lighter
(faster to accelerate) players in the
backfield
d) a loaded versus an unloaded truck
 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM

Linear Momentum refers to the

momentum of an object in a straight
line.
 Momentum = mass times velocity
 
p  mv
Units - kg m/s
third law: For
every action
force, there is
an equal and
opposite
reaction force.
(Forces are
always paired)
Examples of Newton’s 3 Law rd

a) rockets leaving earth

b)guns being fired
c) two cars hit head on
d) astronauts in space
e) pool or billiards
f) jumping out of a boat onto the
dock
Examples of Newton’s 3rd Law
 Newton’s Third Law
I.Whenever one object (object A) exerts a force on
another object (object B), the second object exerts
a force back on the first object.
II.These forces are ALWAYS equal in magnitude (but
they point in opposite directions).
III.Such forces are called “Newton’s third law force
pairs”.
IV.Not all forces that are equal and opposite are
third law force pairs.
V.The forces are on different bodies, so do not add
to zero.
Experiment to find extension of spring with different masses

Set up of
equipment

spring
clamp stand

ruler

masses on
holder
 How to find the extension of a spring

Normal
Length
Length

Extension

Extension = length – normal length

Masses on
holder
DRAW A BEST LINE OF FIT GRAPH FROM YOUR PLOTTED RESULTS

EXAMPLE E
GRAPH x 20
t 18
e
n 16 BEST LINE
s 14 OF FIT
i
12
o
n 10
8
6
4
(cm)
2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Force (N)
 Finding the relationship between Force and Extension – HOOKE’S LAW

E
x 20 Force (N) Extension (cm)
t 18
e 0 0
n 16
1 2
s 14
i 12
2 4
o
10 3 6
n
8 4 8
6 5 10
4
(cm) 6 12
2
7 14
8 16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 18
Force (N)
10 20
 The graph shows that when the force is doubled the
extension of the spring is doubled. It also shows that when
the force is halved the extension of the spring is halved.

This means that the extension is proportional

to the force added. This relationship is
called :-

HOOKE’S LAW
Momentum: The quantity of motion
 A property of moving objects
 Calculated by: P = mv
 (p = momentum, m = mass, v = velocity)
 Law of conservation of momentum:
momentum
the total amount of momentum of a
group of objects does not change
unless outside forces act on the
objects Rollercoaster
Momentum
 Collision

elastic inelastic
(separate after (stick together after
collision)
Momentum conserved collision)
Momentum conserved
動量守恆 Kinetic energy 

elastic Completely elastic collision

KE 動能 
KE unchanged
 Collisions
ball
The ball bounces back
to the same height
 NO energy lost
during collision

h h  completely elastic
collision
plasticine Plasticine sticks to
the ground

(not bounces back)

 energy of plasticineis
lost during collision
 completely inelastic
collision
 Momentum = mass  velocity
Contents

I.A vector quantity

I.Unit: kg m s1
total momentum before collision
= total momentum after collision
 momentum is conserved in
any collision
 Conservation of momentum
Principle of conservation of
momentum

In a collision, total momentum of

colliding objects before collision
is equal to
total momentum after collision,
collision
provided that no external force
acts
on the objects.
Contents

Principle of conservation of momentum

mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

before collision after collision
 collisions
In all collisions, momentum is always
conserved.
Only in perfectly elastic collision ,KE is
unchanged. [KE before collision = KE
after collision]

In other collision(elastic & inelastic),

KE is changed.
changed
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM

Example:
Rifle and bullet
 Recoil velocity
When a bullet is fired, the rifle
recoils.
recoils
Before firing
Total momentum = 0

Conservation of momentum
recoil velocity v

After
firing=
Forward + backward momentum
0
Rifle & bullet move in opposite directions
 Disappearing momentum
Contents

v
running stop

mass = m NO!
Momentum
disappeared?

momentum = mv momentum = 0
0
 The following tells what is the truth.

polystyren ‘push-and-go’ toy

Contents e beads car
When toy car
starts to run
on the
 toy car runs cardboard…
forwards (forward +ve
momentum)
 cardboard moves backwards
(backward momentum)ve
 total momentum = zero conserved!
 When you step from a rowing boat onto the bank…

Contents

What will you see?

backward
forward
force on boat
force on
shoe

The boat moves behind you.

 IN COLISIONS AND EXPLOSIONS

Elastic collision is a type of collision

which obeys both the law of
conservation of momentum& kinetic
energy.
Inelastic collision is a type of collision
which obeys only the law of
conservation but not the law of
kinetic.
 Head-On Totally Inelastic
Collision Example

vtruck  60mph vcar  60mph

 Let the mass of the truck be 20 times

the mass of the car.
 Using conservation of momentum, we
get
20 m(60 mph)  m(60 mph)  (21 m)v
19(60 mph)  21v
19
v  (60 mph)
21
v  54.3 mph
 Remember that the car and the truck
exert equal but oppositely directed
forces upon each other.
 What about the drivers?
 The truck driver undergoes the same
acceleration as the truck, that is

(54.3  60) mph  5.7 mph


t t
The car driver undergoes the same acceleration as the car, that is

54.3 mph  (60 mph) 114 .3 mph


t t
The ratio of the magnitudes of these two accelerations is

114 .3
 20
5.7
Remember to use Newton’s Second Law to see the
forces involved.

 For the truck driver his mass times his acceleration

gives

ma  F

a F
 For the car driver his mass times his greater
acceleration gives

m
 Don’t mess with
TRUCKS.
T
 Your danger is of the order of twenty
times greater than that of the truck
driver.