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Statistics Ma'Am Lec 1

The document discusses three common graphical representations of frequency distributions: 1. The histogram represents data through adjacent rectangles placed over class intervals, with the height proportional to frequency. 2. The frequency polygon connects points plotted at class midpoints, with frequencies as heights. 3. The ogive or cumulative frequency graph plots the accumulated frequencies across class intervals.

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Jia Ali
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44 views10 pages

Statistics Ma'Am Lec 1

The document discusses three common graphical representations of frequency distributions: 1. The histogram represents data through adjacent rectangles placed over class intervals, with the height proportional to frequency. 2. The frequency polygon connects points plotted at class midpoints, with frequencies as heights. 3. The ogive or cumulative frequency graph plots the accumulated frequencies across class intervals.

Uploaded by

Jia Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histograms, Frequency

polygons & Ogive


Graphical representations

Helps to represent data in frequency distributions


graphically. The three most commonly used graphs
are

 The histogram
 The frequency polygon
 The cumulative frequency graph, or ogive
(pronounced o-jive)
Example: Construct a histogram to represent the data shown
for the record high temperatures for each of the 50 states.
Class boundaries Frequency
99.5–104.5 2
104.5–109.5 8
109.5–114.5 18
114.5–119.5 13
119.5–124.5 7
124.5–129.5 1 Step-I: Draw and label the x-axis and y-axis.

129.5–134.5 1 Step-II: Represent the frequency on the y axis and the class boundaries on the
x axis.
Step-III: Using the frequencies as the heights, draw adjacent vertical
bars/rectangles for each class.
The Histogram
In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation of the
distribution of data.
The histogram is represented by a set of rectangles, adjacent to each
other, where each bar represent a kind of data.
When numerals are repeated in statistical data, this repetition is
known as Frequency and which can be written in the form of a table,
called a frequency distribution.
A frequency distribution can be shown graphically by using different
types of graphs and a Histogram is one among them.
When to Use Histogram?

• The histogram graph is used under certain conditions. They are:


• The data should be numerical.
• A histogram is used to check the shape of the data distribution. 
• Used to check whether the process changes from one period to
another.
• Used to determine whether the output is different when it involves
two or more processes.
• Used to analyze whether the given process meets the customer
requirements.
How to Plot Histogram?[step by step
procedure]
o You need to follow the below steps to construct a histogram.
o Begin by marking the class intervals on the X-axis and frequencies on the Y-axis.
o The scales for both the axes have to be the same.
o Class intervals need to be exclusive.
o Draw rectangles with bases as class intervals and corresponding frequencies as heights.
o A rectangle is built on each class interval since the class limits are marked on the
horizontal axis, and the frequencies are indicated on the vertical axis.
o The height of each rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class frequency if the
intervals are equal.
o The area of every individual rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class
frequency if the intervals are unequal.
o Although histograms seem similar to graphs, there is a slight difference between them.
The histogram does not involve any gaps between the two successive bars.
Difference Between Bar Graph and Histogram
A histogram is one of the most commonly used graphs to show the frequency distribution. The
histogram looks more similar to the bar graph, but there is a difference between them.

Histogram Bar Graph


It is a two- It is a one-dimensional figure
dimensional figure.
The frequency is The height shows the
shown by the area frequency and the width has
of each rectangle. no significance.

It shows rectangles It consists of rectangles


touching each other. separated from each other
with equal spaces.
Frequency polygon
• The frequency polygon is a
graph that displays the data by
using lines that connect points
plotted for the frequencies at
the midpoints of the classes. The
frequencies are represented by
the heights of the points.
Step-I: Find the midpoints of each class.
Step-II: Draw the x and y axes. Label the x axis with the
midpoint of each class, and then use a suitable scale on
the y axis for the frequencies.
Step-III: Using the midpoints for the x values and the
frequencies as the y values, plot the points.
Step-IV: Connect adjacent points with line segments. Draw
a line back to the x axis at the beginning and end of the
graph, at the same distance that the previous and next
midpoints would be located.
The Ogive
• The ogive is a graph that
represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a
frequency distribution.
The Ogive

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