DBMS

Database System

Management
What is Database?
Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It can be used in a variety of
forms like text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can be stored in pieces of paper or
electronic memory, etc.

Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single piece of
information.' It is plural of the word datum.
Data is information that can be translated into a form for efficient movement and
processing. 

The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is
also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a

computer system.

A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases
make data management easy.
What is (DBMS) Database Management System?
Database management system (DBMS) is software that is used to manage
the database.
DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database
create, storing data in it, updating data, create a table in the database and a
lot more
A database management system (or DBMS) is
essentially nothing more than a computerized data-
keeping system. Users of the system are given
facilities to perform several kinds of operations on
such a system for either manipulation of the data in
the database or the management of the database
structure itself.
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store,
retrieve, and run queries on data. A DBMS serves as an interface between an
end-user and a database, allowing users to create, read, update, and delete
data in the database.
Database management systems are important because they provides
programmers, database administrators and end users with a centralized
view of data and free applications and end users from having to understand
where data is physically located.
 Types of Databases
Distributed databases: Cloud databases:
A distributed database is a type of database that has A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for
contributions from the common database and information such a virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of
captured by local computers.  a cloud database, some of which can pay for storage capacity and
bandwidth.
Centralized database: Data warehouses:
It is a centralized location, and users from different Data Warehouse is to facilitate a single version of truth for a
backgrounds can access this data. This type of company for decision making and forecasting. A Data
computers databases store application procedures that warehouse is an information system that contains historical
help users access the data even from a remote location. and commutative data from single or multiple sources.

NoSQL databases:
NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data.
There are a few big data performance problems that are
effectively handled by relational databases.
Graph databases:
A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store,
map, and query relationships. These kinds of computers
databases are mostly used for analyzing interconnections.

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) databases:

OLTP another database type which able to perform fast
query processing and maintaining data integrity in
multi-access environments.

Personal database:
A personal database is used to store data stored on personal
computers that are smaller and easily manageable. The data is
mostly used by the same department of the company and is
accessed by a small group of people.

Multimodal database:
The multimodal database is a type of data processing
platform that supports multiple data models that define how
the certain knowledge and information in a database should
be organized and arranged.
Common Database Data Types
Integer – is a whole number that can have a positive, Varchar – as the name implies is variable character as the
negative or zero value. It cannot be a fraction nor can have memory storage has variable length.
decimal places. It is commonly used in programming
especially for increasing values.
Boolean – is used for creating true or false statements. To
Character – refers to any number, letter, space or symbol that compare values the following operators are being used:
can be entered in a computer. Each character occupies one AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.
byte of space.

String – is used to represent text. It is composed of a set of

characters that can have spaces and numbers. Strings are
enclosed in quotation marks to identify the data as string and
not a variable name nor a number.

Floating Point Number – is a number that contains decimals.

Numbers that contain fractions are also considered as
floating point numbers.
Types of Database Management System
A network database management system (network DBMS) is based
on a network data model, which allows each record to be related to
multiple primary records and multiple secondary records. Network
databases allow you to create a flexible model of relationships between
entities.
A network database is a type of database model wherein multiple
member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and vice
versa. The model can be viewed as an upside-down tree where each
member information is the branch linked to the owner, which is the Some of the popular DBMS software are
bottom of the tree. MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite,
MariaDB, MS SQL Server.

All these software are based on different

type of DBMS available in the market.
Types of Database Management System
A hierarchical database is a data model in which data is An object-oriented database (OOD) is a database system
stored in the form of records and organized into a tree-like that can work with complex data objects — that is,
structure, or parent-child structure, in which one parent objects that mirror those used in object-oriented
node can have many child nodes connected through links. programming languages. In object-oriented programming
(OOP), everything is an object.
A hierarchical database model resembles a tree structure, object-oriented databases, the information is represented
similar to a folder architecture in your computer system. as objects, with different types of relationships possible
The relationships between records are pre-defined in a one between two or more objects.
to one manner, between 'parent and child' nodes.
Types of Database Management System
A relational database is a collection of information that
organizes data in predefined relationships where data is
stored in one or more tables (or "relations") of columns and
rows, making it easy to see and understand how different
data structures relate to each other.

A relational database is a type of database that stores and

provides access to data points that are related to one another.
Relational databases are based on the relational model, an
intuitive, straightforward way of representing data in tables.
Database Management System allows user to do the following:
Define Data – Allow the users to create, modify and delete the definition which define the organization of the database.

Update Data – Provides access to the users to insert, modify and delete data from the database.

Retrieve Data – Allows the users to retrieve data from the database based on the requirements.

Administration of Users – Register the users and monitors their action, enforces data security, maintains data integrity.

Characteristics of Database Management System :

To limit the permission of the user.

Provide multiple views of the single database schema.

Facilitates security and removes data redundancy.

Allows multi-user transaction processing and sharing of data.

Offers both physical and logical data independence.

Types of SQL (Structured query language) Commands
DCL – Data Control Language

GRANT DROP
The grant statement is used to grant SQL Select, Insert, The Drop table statement is used to drop an existing
Delete and other privileges on the tables or views. table in a database

REVOKE TRUNCATE
The revoke statement is used to remove the permission The Truncate table command deletes the data inside a
or privileges of a user on database objects set by the table, but not the table itself.
grant command,

DDL – Data Definition Language

CREATE
The Create table statement is used to create a new table
in a database.

ALTER
The Alter table statement is used to add, delete, or
modify columns in an existing table.
Types of SQL (Structured query language) Commands
DML – Data Manipulation Language TCL– Transaction Control Language

INSERT COMMIT
The Insert into statement is used to insert new record in The Commit statement is used to permanently
a table. save the changes done in the transaction in
tables or databases.
UPDATE
The Insert statement is used to modify the existing ROLLBACK
record in a table. The Rollback statement is used to undo the
transaction that have not been saved in the
database.
DELETE
The Delete statement is used to delete existing record in
a table.

SELECT
The Select statement is used to select data from a
database.