Chapter:2

Climate of Pakistan

Weather
Versus

Climate
Climatic Zones of
Pakistan
 Sources of rainfall
in Pakistan

Western Convectional
Monsoon depression currents

Relief Tropica
Rainfall l
cyclones
 Monsoon Rainfall
South west monsoon
 June to September
 Due to land high temperature

and low pressure at Indo-Pak

 Wind attracted from Indian
ocean
 Cause south west monsoon
North east Monsoon
 Around september sun fast
retreating towards south
Northern land mass of the Indian
subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly
 Air pressure begins to build over
northern Indian ocean
Cause cold wind to sweep down from
Himalaya to northern part of Pakistan
 Western Depression

Western depression are

the cyclones which
Originate in the
Mediterranean Sea, the tail of
Western Depression travel
across Turkey, Iraq and Iran,
then reach the western part of
Pakistan.
• Start from December to
March.
• Balochistan receive large
share i.e. 150 to 250mm
annually.
 Convectional currents

Hot air rises during

summer and when it
reaches the high layer
of atmosphere,
condensation takes
place causing rainfall.
Strong winds
accompanying the
storms may pick up
dust with them.
Only northern and
north areas of
western
Pakistan
rainfall byreceive
Convectional currents.
 Relief rainfall

Relief rainfall is
related to the height of
land. It occurs where
moist unstable air
moves up a mountain
edge and it is chilled,
heavy condensation
takes place and
rainfall occurs.
 Tropical cyclones:

Tropical cyclones
bring heavy
rainfall for few
hours and can
cause a lot of They
destruction. in
originate quite
Arabianbut
often Sea
reach the coastrarely
of
Pakistan.
Therefore, sou
this of rainfall
rce
is totally unreliable
 Zones of Pakistan

Highlands Zone

Arid Zone

Lowland zone

Coastal zone
 Highland zone of Pakistan
 Region: Northern, north western
and western highlands.
 (Federal area, Punjab, KPK,
Baluchistan)
 Areas: Chitral, Murree,
Muzaffarabad,
Drosh, Quetta, Kalat,
Parachinar, Waziristan
 Climate:
The winters are
long, cold and
snowy and summers
remain short and
mild
 Rainfall is normally
associated with altitude.
Rainfall in Northern
Mountain is highest in the
highland zone.
 Rainfall in the western
mountain is less The
temperature conditions also
vary from north to west
depending on the altitude.
 Economic Activities

1. Industrialization in the area cannot be done because the land is

not flat and few people live here.
2. Farming in the area can be done on a small scale of peaches,
apples, apricots etc.
3. Mining in the mountains can be done.
4. Tourism industry can flourish easily due to tourist attractions.
5. People practice indoor activities such as carpet making, pottery
etc.
 Highland zones of Pakistan
North:
 Summers are short and mild
because of transfer of heat
from central Pakistan and
high angle of sun.
 Winters are very cold
because of high altitude
and low angle of sun.
West:
 summers are dry
warm and in Wester
mountain because n of
continental effect, aridity
and high angle of sun
 Winters are mild warm
because of low angle of
sun, altitude and Western
Depressions.
 Natural Resources of Highland

Biodiversity Forest Minerals Source of

fresh water
 Environmental Issues of Highlands

Deforestation

Land Degradation
Loss of Biological Soil Erosion
Diversity

Loss of Desertification
pastureland
Low Agri. Reduced food
productivity security

Soil Erosion Irrigation System

Siltation of
rivers
 Arid zone

Regions: South-eastern
desert, and south-western
Baluchistan
Areas:
Kharran (Cholistan)
Desert south-western
Baluchistan, Thar south-
eastern desert Sindh
 Continue…

Climate:

 It is markedly dry and hot.

Hot dusty winds prevail
continuously from mid –
May to mid-September.
 Rainfall takes place during
winter season in south-
western Baluchistan.
 In south eastern desert
monsoons bring little
rainfall.
 Extreme heat, dust storms
are the main features of this
arid climate.
 Little rainfall from Western
Depression and monsoon
winds.
 Economic Activities

1. Industrialization in the area cannot be done because of

extreme aridity and low population.
2. Farming in the area cannot be done because the water is not
available and the land is not fertile.
3. Mining in the area can be done.
4. Animals rearing can be done.
5. People are nomads they wander around here and there in
search of food and water.
Arid zone
Environmental Issues of Arid Zones

Wind Erosion Overgrazing

Lack of
precipitation
 Lowland Zone (Semi arid to arid)

Region: Indus plain except

the Coastal areas.
Areas: Islamabad, Sialkot,
Sargodha, Multan, Jacobabad,
and Sukkur.
The most productive region of
Pakistan.
Well developed canal system
and most extensive cropping.
Population is high and there’s
moderate rainfall and tolerable
temperature.
Convectional, Western and
Monsoon rainfall
 Continue…

Climate:
It has extreme climate with
hot summers, cool winters and
summer monsoon rainfall.
Thunderstorms are also
common in north and north-
west of the Indus plain.
The upper Indus plain and
Lower Indus plain there’s
less rainfall and spells of
very high temperature.
Winters are cool-mild becaus e
of low angle of sun an
continental effect and summer d
are hot due to high angle of su
and continental effect. s
n
 Economic Activities

• The land is fertile and water is available

therefore farming can be done.
• Due to high population and flat land
industrialization can be done.
• Fishing can be done in the rivers
• Livestock farming can be done.
Continue…
Environmental issues related to Lowland

Urbanization

Land Degradation

Flood and Drought

Pollution
 Coastal zone

Region:
Indus delta, Karachi Indus Delta,
Karachi and Makran coast
Areas:
Karachi, Jiwani, Pasni, Ormara
and Gwadar
Coastal Zone

Tourism

Trop. cyclone

mangrove
 Continue…

Climate:
The climate is dominated by sea breezes
throughout the year.
The temperature on land and sea is
different; In summer the land heats up,
while ocean remains cool.
In winter the land loses heat quickly and
becomes cold while ocean remains hot.
The humidity level is usually high, more
than 50% from April to September.
During October the climate is dominated
by dry winds from south-eastern desert.
Rainfall is scanty; the rainfall
is experienced during monsoon season.
 Economic Activites

• Fishing in the primary occupation of the people.

• Farming cannot be done since salt is available in the
sea.
• Live stock farming can be done.
• Industrialization can be done due to flat land and
labour available.
 Environmental Issues of Coastal zone

Water
Erosion

Litter and
Deforestation Oil Pollution
wastes

Water
pollution
 Questions
Q.1 Define weather and climate
Q.2 Name the main cause of rainfall from:
a) Dec to March
b) June to September

Q.3 Explain the importance and arrival of the monsoon

rainfall to people who live and work in urban areas.

Q.4 (Pg No.48, Q.5 of your book)

Q.5 Q-box question,Page No. 40

 Questions
Q. Explain how the climate of desert areas affects
agricultural and industrial development.[4 marks]

Q. Describe the water management schemes to

control drought. [3 marks]
Q. Upto what extent floods can create problems or
benefits for an area.[6 marks]
Ans key:
3 advantages
3 Problems
Conclusion
 Factors affecting climate

Altitude and temperature:

The higher the altitude the lesser is going to be the temperature.

Latitude and angle of the sun:

Angle of the sun refers to the position that earth is facing in relation to the sun. Sun rays
do not fall on the same position. Areas near to the equator receive direct sunlight.
However the Norther and Southern Hemisphere do not receive constant sunlight.

Cloud cover:
Fresh air cannot escape; hence causing suffocation and increasing the temperature.

Maritime influence:
Areas near to the coast experience sea breezes which regulate the temperature.
Humidity in the environment also influences the temperature.
 Drought in Pakistan
Condition of extreme dryness that occurs usually due to shortage of
rainfall or aridity in the area.

Types of Drought:

• Permanent drought
• Seasonal drought
• Invisible drought
• Unpredictable drought
 How to overcome a drought

• used water should be refiltered

• planting more trees which will cause rain.
• spreading awareness amongst the people not to waste
water
• building more dams to store rain water
• desalination i.e. to remove salt from sea water and use
it.
Thanks