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Power Factor Lecture

The document discusses AC power, defining apparent power (S) as the magnitude of complex power, reactive power (Q) as the imaginary component of complex power, and average power (P) as the real component, with S, P, and Q forming the sides of a power triangle with power factor as the cosine of the angle between P and S. Power factor indicates how effectively the voltage and current work together, with a power factor of 1 being ideal.

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robomango0625
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6 views

Power Factor Lecture

The document discusses AC power, defining apparent power (S) as the magnitude of complex power, reactive power (Q) as the imaginary component of complex power, and average power (P) as the real component, with S, P, and Q forming the sides of a power triangle with power factor as the cosine of the angle between P and S. Power factor indicates how effectively the voltage and current work together, with a power factor of 1 being ideal.

Uploaded by

robomango0625
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 07

AC POWER
&
POWER FACTOR
Lesson Objectives
• Compute and define apparent, reactive,
and average power for capacitors,
inductors, and resistors.
• Compute and draw the power triangle for
RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
• Define and compute the power factor for
RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
• Summarize the basic steps to compute AC
power in all or part of a circuit.
COMPLEX POWER
COMPLEX POWER
• The frequency domain
representations of the current and
voltage of an element

I  I m θ i and V  Vm θ v
Definition of Complex Power

VI
S
2

Vm θ v I m   θ i 
2
Vm I m
S  θ v  θ i
2
• The magnitude of S is called
the Apparent Power:

Vm I m
S
2
• Converting the complex power from
polar to rectangular form:

Vm I m
S θ v  θ i polar
2

Vm I m Vm I m
S cos(θ v  θ i )  j sin(θ v  θ i )
2 2
Real & Imaginary part of S

Vm I m Vm I m
S cos(θ v  θ i )  j sin(θ v  θ i )
2 2
 S  P  jQ
AVERAGE POWER, P
• The real part of S is called Average
Power, P. The unit is Watts.

Vm I m
P cos(θ v  θ i )
2
REACTIVE POWER, Q
• The imaginary part of S is called
Reactive Power, Q. The unit is Var.

Vm I m
Q sin(θ v  θ i )
2
• The complex power may be expressed
in terms of the load impedance, Z:


VI 
S  Vrms I rms
2
Vrms
where, Z  θ v  θ i
I rms
 Vrms  I rms Z
S in terms of Z

Therefore,
2
 2 Vrms
S V I
rms rms  I rms Z  
Z
AVERAGE POWER
AC AVERAGE POWER

P  Veff I eff cos 


where;   v i
• Average power is independent of
whether v leads i, or i leads v.
Average Power in RESISTOR
• Since ||=0o and cos (0o) =1

PR  Veff I eff cos0

2
Vm I m Veff 2
P  Veff I eff   I eff R
2 R
Average Power in L and C
• PAV in a capacitor and inductor
is 0, since;
|C|= |L|= 90o and cos (90o) =0.

PL / C  Veff I eff cos90  0


REACTIVE POWER
REACTIVE POWER, Q
• The reactive power, Q is given by:

Vm I m
Q sin(θ v  θ i )
2
• Reactive power repeatedly stored
and returned to a circuit in either a
capacitor or an inductor.
2
V
2
Q  VI  I X  L
L

XL
or
2
2V
Q  VI  I X C
C

XC
Q For Various Load

• Q = 0 for resistive load


• Q > 0 for inductive load
• Q < 0 for capacitive load
POWER FACTOR
POWER FACTOR
• The factor that has the significant
control over the delivered power level is
the cos (), where:

  v i
• No matter what level I and V are, if:
cos ()=0, >> the power delivered is zero.
cos ()=1, >> the power delivered is max.
POWER FACTOR
• Power Factor equation:

P
Fp  cos   
Veff I eff

• where,
  v i
Power Factor Leading or
Lagging?
• Inductive circuits have lagging power
factors.
• Capacitive circuits have leading power
factors.
• Power factors follow the current.
• Remember ELI and ICE
Ex.
• Find power factor if,

i  2 sin t  20 ;


v  50 sin t  40
Sinusoidal shift to the right

Sinusoidal shift to the left


Solution

Fp  cos(  v   i ) 

cos 40  (20)   0.5 lagging

Lagging because current is lagging and ELI.


POWER TRIANGLE
Power Triangle and Apparent
Power
• The impedance triangle with R, X, and
Z may be shown to be similar to the
power triangle with P, Q, and S,
respectively as components.

• Apparent power – A useful quantity


combining the vector sum of P and Q.
Recall the Impedance Triangle

XL Z


R
The Power Phasor

I2XL I2Z


I2R
The Power Triangle

S QL


P
Im

S
+QL (lagging)

θ v  θi P Re
θ v  θi

-QC (leading)
SUMMARY OF POWER
IMPORTANCE OF S
• S contains all power of a load.
• The real part of S is the real power, P
• Its imaginary part is the reactive
power, Q.
• Its magnitude is the apparent power
• The cosine of its phase angle is the
power factor, pf.
1 
S  P  jQ  VI  Vrms I rms  v   i
2

2 2
S  S  P  jQ  Vrms I rms  P  Q

P  Re(S)  S  S cos (θ v  θ i )

Q  Im (S)  S  S sin (θ v  θ i )

P
Pf   cos (θ v  θ i )
S
Review Quiz
• Name the three types of power.
• Q has units of … ?
P has units of … ?
S has units of … ?
• Formula for P,Q,S… ?
• Power factor is … ?
• T/F: Power factor can never be greater
than one or less than zero.

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