CHAPTER -3

INDUCTION MACHINES
Induction machines are rotating electromechanical
energy converting devices
The induction motor is the most commonly used type of AC motor
Operating principle of all rotating electrical machines is based on the
two electromagnetic laws.
1.If a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, there will be induced
emf in the conductor.
2. A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences
force.

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1.Generator action 2. Motor action
e = BLV, volts F = BLI, N
Where, where,
e - induced e.m.f , v I - current , A
B - magnetic field density, wb For rotating object, torque
is expressed as:-
L - length of the conductor,m T = Fxr = BLI r, N-m
V - velocity of the conductor, where,
m/s r - Radius of the rotating
B, L,V, are orthogonal to each object.
other.

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 Cont…
 IM run at essentially constant speed from no-load to
full-load.
 However, the speed is frequency dependent and
consequently these motors are not easily adapted to
speed control
 We usually prefer d.c motors when large speed
variations are required.

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Advantages
 It has simple and rugged construction.
 It is relatively cheap.
 It requires little maintenance.
 It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
 It has self starting torque.
Disadvantages
 It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed
cannot be changed easily.
 Its starting torque is inferior to d.c shunt motor.

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 Construction
 A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts
i) A stationary stator
- consisting of a steel frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core
- core, constructed from stacked laminations
(why?), having a number of evenly spaced slots,
providing the space for the stator winding

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 Construction
 A revolving rotor
- composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
– squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at
both ends by shorting rings.
– wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly
as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three
rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft.
In this way, the rotor circuit is accessible.

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 Construction

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 Construction

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 Rotating Magnetic Field
 Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced
three phase source
 A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
NSync= 120fe r.p.m

P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
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 Synchronous speed

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 Principle of operation
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings
and produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short
circuited, for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and
induced current flows in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields
ind= kBRBS
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the
magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
respectively
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 Principle of Operation

When current flows in

a conductor, magnetic
field is set up about the
conductor.
The direction of the
magnetic field depends
on the direction of
current flow.
If the conductor is
placed between the poles
of the magnet, the two
fields interact and
develop force.
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 Induction motor speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
– Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
– When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
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 Induction motor speed
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip Speed.
nslip = nsync - nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor

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The Slip

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 Induction Motors and Transformers
 Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
– Transformer: voltage applied to the primary
windings produce an induced voltage in the
secondary windings
– Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator
windings produce an induced voltage in the rotor
windings
– The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
– Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary
winding of the IM), the induced voltage in it does
not have the same frequency of the stator (the
primary) voltage
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Frequency

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Frequency
 What would be the frequency of the rotor’s induced
voltage at any speed nm?
fr =S fe
 When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the
induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous
speed (s = 0), the frequency will be zero

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Torque
 While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that we
should know some terms and quantities related to
mechanical power
 Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor speed

Pout 2 nm
 load  N .m m  rad / s
m 60

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Horse power
 Another unit used to measure mechanical power is
the horse power
 It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of
the motor
 Since we, as an electro-mechanical engineers, deal
with watts as a unit to measure electrical power, there
is a relation between horse power and watts

hp  746 watts

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 Equivalent circuit of IM
 Developing an equivalent circuit model is useful to
study and predict the performance characteristics of
the induction machine with reasonable accuracy.

Stator Rotor
Air-gap

Fig. 3.1. 3 - Phase induction machines equivalent circuit model

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 Cont…
 If currents flow in both stator and rotor windings,
resultant rotating magnetic fields will be produced in
the air gap.
 This resultant air gap field will induce voltages in both
stator windings (at supply frequency f1) and rotor
windings (at slip frequency f2).
 It appears that the equivalent circuit may assume a
form identical to that of a transformer; therefore it can
be developed from the knowledge of a transformer
equivalent circuit and from knowledge of variation of
rotor frequency with speed in IM.
 The only difference is on account of the fact that the
secondary winding (rotor winding) of an induction
motor rotates and mechanical power is developed
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 Equivalent Circuit
 The induction motor is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate.

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 Cont…

 As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can

combine these two circuits in one circuit but there are
some difficulties.
 When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the
largest voltage and rotor frequency are induced in the
rotor, Why?
 On the other side, if the rotor rotates at synchronous
speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced voltage and frequency in
the rotor will be equal to zero, Why?
ER= sERO
Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced
voltage obtained at s = 1(locked rotor)
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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Power losses in Induction machines

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 Power flow in induction motor

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 Power relations

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 Power relations

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 Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

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 Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Torque-speed characteristics

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

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 Torque-speed characteristics
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous
speed. Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and
full load. In this range, the rotor resistance is
much greater than the reactance, so the rotor
current, torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can’t
be exceeded. This torque is called pullout
torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load
torque.

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 Cont…
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly
higher than its full-load torque, so the motor
will start carrying any load it can supply at
full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip
varies as the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous
speed it will run as a generator, converting
mechanical power to electric power.

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 Complete Speed-torque c/c

Fig. Torque-slip curve of IM in different mode of operation

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 Mode of operation
Depending on the value of slip, an IM can have the following
operating regions.

a) Motoring mode , 1 > S > 0 - the corresponding speed

values are ZERO (s = 1.0) and synchronous speed (S = 0).
b) Generating mode , S < 0 - the rotor speed is above
synchronous speed.
c) Breaking mode , S > 1 – This condition can be achieved
by driving the rotor with a prime mover opposite to the
direction of rotating magnetic field.
( eg. plugging action)

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Determining maximum internal torque of IM
 Maximum torque is referred as Stalling torque; Pull out torque
or Break down torque.
 Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R2/s is
maximum.
 Maximum internal torque can be obtained by using the
maximum power transfer theorem of a circuit theory.
i.e. power transfer becomes max. when the load impedance
is equal to the source impedance.

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Determining the Equivalent circuit model
parameters of IM.
 The response of an IM to changes in load can be
determined from the equivalent circuit of the motor.
 The parameters R1,X1, R2, X2, Xm can be
determined by performing a series of tests on the IM.
i.e.
- No-load test
- DC test for stator resistance
- Blocked rotor test.
 These tests need precision because the resistances
vary with temperature and the rotor resistance also
varies with rotor frequency
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 The No-load test
The induction motor is made A A1 W1
to run at no load at rated V

voltage and frequency. B A2

3-Phase
IM

Per phase values of applied

W2
stator voltage Vnl, input C A3

current Inl and input power Pnl Fig. 3.9 Circuit diagram for no-load and
blocked-rotor Test.
are recorded ( by two
I X '

wattmeter method).
R1 X1
'
2
2

I1 Io

V1 Xm
R '
2

Pag

Fig. 3.10 IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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 Cont…
 Since slip Snl at no-load is very
small, r2/s at no-load is very R1 X1

large as compared to Xm.

INL
 Thus, the total impedance of
Xm
parallel branches consisting of VNL
jXm and (r2/s + jX2) is almost
equal to jXm.
 Then, the no-load reactance
Xnl seen from the statorFig 3.11. Equivalent circuit under no-load test.
terminals is:-
jXnl = jX1 + jXm = X1 –
stator self reactance.

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 Cont…

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 Cont…
Thus,
 The no-load test measures the rotational losses and
gives information about its magnetisation current.
i.e., no-load test gives Xnl and Prot
Note that, the only load during no-load test is friction
and windage loss.
 The mechanical power (Pm = Pg – Prot) is consumed by
mechanical losses

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 Cont…

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 DC test for stator resistance
The rotor resistance r2 plays an extremely critical role in the
operation of an IM. i.e.
- It determines the shape of the speed torque curve.
- It determines the speed at which the pull-out torque occurs.
To determine r2, it is necessary to find r1 of the stator.
- Thus, a DC voltage is applied to the stator windings of an IM.
- The current in the stator is adjusted to the rated value & the
voltage is measured.
If the supply dc voltage is connected between the two phases,
( the 3rd phase being open) then, the dc current flows through the
two phase windings and the required per phase stator resistance
is:-

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 Cont…
Vdc Vdc
2r1  , r1 
I dc 2 I dc

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 Blocked rotor test
 During this test;
- An Ac voltage is applied to the stator; and the
current is adjusted to the rated value.
- The rotor is blocked so that it can not rotate.
- The current, voltage and power are measured.
 Since the rotor is kept stationary, the slip = 1,and the
rotor resistance r2/s is just equal to r2 which is quite a
small value. R1 I X1 X '
2
'
2

I1 Io

V1 Xm
R
2
'

Pag

Fig. 4.14 IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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 Cont…
 Compared with Xm, r2 & X2 are small, so that the
whole input current flows through them.The
equivalent circuit under this condition looks a series
combination of r1, X1, X2, r2. Pin  3VL I L cos
Pin
cos 
3VL I L

  arccos

Fig. Equivalent circuit during blocked rotor test

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 Cont…

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 PERFORMANCE CHARATERISTICS OF IM
 The equivalent circuits derived in the preceding section can be
used to predict the performance characteristics of the
induction machine.
 The out put parameters of IM are speed and torque and their
inter relation during starting ,steady state and braking are
going to be seen.
 The important performance characteristics in the steady state
are:
- The efficiency
- Power factor
- Current
- Starting torque
- Maximum (or pull-out) torque and
- So forth.

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 Cont…
 Steady state operating characteristics of an IM can be
shown graphically as the shaft load increases from
zero to full load.
 These operating characteristics during starting,
steady state, and braking are governed mainly by:-
- rotor resistance,
- air gap length, and
- shape of stator and rotor slots

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 Input Power Factor
 The supply power factor is given by PF = Cosθ1, where θ1 is
the phase angle of the stator current I1.
 This phase angle θ1 is the same as the impedance angle of the
equivalent circuit

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 Cont…

 Speed : At no load, the rotor speed is near to synchronous speed; therefore,

the no-load slip is very small. Also, the no-load torque, sufficient to
overcome the loss-torque required by friction and windage, is very low
 Stator current: The no-load stator current is about 30 to 50% of rated
current, the larger values being applicable to smaller sizes. With the
increase in load, the current rises correspondingly.

EFFICIENCY
 fixed losses (= core loss + friction and windage loss) and variable load
losses.
 At no load, the shaft power output is zero, therefore, efficiency is zero.
 As the load is increased, the efficiency also rises and becomes maximum
when fixed losses and variable losses are equal.
 Maximum efficiency occurs at about 80 to 95% of rated output rapidly
than the output, consequently the efficiency decreases.

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 EFFICIENCY

•  

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 Cont…

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 Summary of performance characteristics
The variation of speed, power factor, stator current and efficiency
as the shaft power output is varied from no-load to full load.

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 Reading assignment
 Induction Winding and winding factor of
induction motor
 Circle diagram of induction motor

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 Starting of IM.
 At stand still, when slip s = 1.0 a 3-phase IM has
positive finite starting torque. This means that, when
connected to a 3-phase source, a 3-phase IM begins to
rotate on its own. It is self-starting motor.
 However, during starting a 3-phase IM behaves
like a transformer with short circuited secondary.
Therefore, it takes high starting current if started
at full voltage.
 In order to limit this high starting current, a number
of methods are adapted for starting both squirrel
cage-rotor and wound-rotor motors:

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 Starting of squirrel-cage motors
 For squirrel cage motors, the choice of any
particular method of starting depends
i. on size and design of the motor
ii. capacity of the power lines and
iii.type of the driven load.
 There are primarily two methods of starting of
squirrel-cage induction motors:
a) full-voltage starting and
b) reduced-voltage starting
 The full-voltage starting consists of DOL (direct-on­
line) starting only.

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 Direct-on-line (across-the-line) starting
 As the name suggests, this method involves the direct
switching of poly-phase stator on to the supply mains.
 The motor takes low-power factor starting current of 5
to 8 times its full-load current, depending upon its size
and design.
 Such large currents of short duration don't harm the
rugged squirrel cage motor, but the high currents may
cause objectionable voltage drop in the power supply
lines feeding the induction motor.
 These large voltage drops cause undesirable dip in the
supply line voltage; consequently the operation of
other equipments connected to the same supply line is
affected considerably.
 A common example is the momentary dimming of
lamp and tube-lights in the home at the instant a
refrigerator motor starts
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 Reduced-voltage starting

 The reduced-voltage starting has the advantage of reducing

the starting current, but it produces an objectionable
reduction in the starting torque, on account of the fact that
the starting torque of an IM is directly proportional to the
square of the applied voltage. i.e ,if the applied voltage is
reduced, the starting torque also reduces.
 Despite this, reduced-voltage starting is the most popular
method of starting three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motors and consists of
- stator resistor (or reactor) starting,
- auto-transformer starting and
- star-delta starting.

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 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting

 In this method, a resistor or a reactor is inserted in

between motor terminals and the supply mains, as
illustrated in Fig 1.
 At the time of starting, some voltage drop occurs
across the starting resistor or reactor and, therefore,
only a fraction x (less than 1) of the supply voltage
appears across the stator terminals.
 This reduces the per-phase starting current Ist drawn
by the motor from the supply mains.
 As the motor speeds up, the reactor is cut out in steps
and finally short-circuited when the motor speed is
near to its operating speed.

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 Cont…

fig.1

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 Autotransformer starting
 A fraction of xV1 of the supply voltage V1 is applied to the
stator terminals at the time of starting, by means of an
autotransformer as shown in fig.2
 This reduces the motor current and also the current
drawn from the supply.
 After the motor has accelerated near to its operating
speed, auto-transformer is disconnected and full line
voltage is applied to the induction motor by connecting
it directly across the supply mains.
 Note that here x is less than 1.
 With autotransformer, per phase starting current in
motor winding is
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 fig.2
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 Star-Delta Method

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 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS
 The synchronous speed Ns of an ac motor is related to supply
frequency f and poles P by the equation.
Ns = 120f
p
 As regards induction motor, the rotor speed is given by
N= (1-S)Ns
Where S is the slip
 It is found from the above two equations that the basic methods of
speed control of an induction motor are:
a)by changing the number of poles and
b)by varying the line (input) frequency.
 The slip can be changed by the following methods.
c)by varying the input voltage
d)by varying the rotor resistance
 These both methods are applicable to slip-ring (WR) induction
motors, whereas only the method (c) can be applied to machines with
cage rotor.
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 By changing the number of poles
(Consequent Pole changing method)
 In pole changing of induction motors, the stator winding
of each phase is divided into two equal groups of coils.
 These coil groups are connected in series and parallel
with the current direction being reversed only in one
group, to create two different numbers of poles (even) in
the ratio 2:1 respectively.
 When the connection is changed from series to parallel or
vice versa, the current in one group of coils is also
reversed at the same time.
 This technique, termed the consequent pole method, is
applied to all three windings (phases).
 This type of induction motor has always the squirrel cage
rotor, which can adapt to any number of stator poles.

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 Eight-Poles connection
Fig. 1a shows schematically only four coils of one phase of
the windings connected in series, along with the direction
of current in them, producing eight poles in the stator.

S N S N S N S

A A’
1 1' 3 3' 2 2' 4 4'
Fig..1 (a) Eight pole (Series) + _

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 Four-Poles connection
 If the current in coils 2 and 4 is reversed and the
connection is changed to parallel with two coils (1 and 3,
and 2 and 4) connected in series for each path, four poles
are formed in the stator (fig.b).
 Note that the direction of current in coils 1 and 3 remains
the same

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 Cont…
 Usually, poles are changed in the ratio 2:1.
 This method provides two synchronous speeds.
 If two independent sets ­of poly phase windings are used,
each arranged for pole changing, four synchronous
speeds can be obtained for the induction motor.
 In many industrial application induction motor with
4/6/8/12 poles are used to provide 1500/1000/750/500
synchronous speeds respectively.
 Squirrel-cage motors are invariably used in this method
because the rotor can operate with any number of stator
poles.
 It is obvious, however, that speed can be changed only in
discrete steps and that the elaborate stator winding
makes the motor expensive.

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 Constant torque and constant horsepower
operations
 This type of pole changing in the stator results in constant
torque or constant horsepower operations.
 For constant torque operation, the change of stator winding is
made from series-star to parallel- star,
 While for constant horsepower operation the change is made
from series-delta to parallel-star.
 Regenerative braking takes place during changeover from
higher to lower speeds.
Constant torque operation :(Y/YY)
 In any pole changing (P-pole/2P-pole) induction motor,
there are two equal parts as stated above.
 The changeover for constant torque operation takes place
as shown in fig.c and fig.d.
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 Cont…

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 Cont…
LetV – Line voltage
I – Maximum current that the winding can carry
Then the power drawn from the supply is given by:-
1. For series-star (Y) connection ( Fig.c.)

PY  3 (VI cos  Y )
2.For parallel-star connection ( fig. d)

PY Y  2 3 (VI cos  Y Y )
It is assumed that the power factor remains unchanged and the motor losses are
negligible.
With the changeover of stator winding from series star to parallel star, the power drawn
from the supply is doubled.
Simultaneously, the speed is also doubled. So the motor torque remains constant.
Constant torque operation is more common.

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 Cont...

Low
speed High
speed

Ns NS N
2

Fig.e. Torque-speed characteristics for constant torque operation

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 Cont…
 The power drawn from the supply is given by:
1. For series-delta ( ) connection (Fig.f.)

P  3 VICos  
2.For parallel-star connection (Fig. g.)

PY Y  2 3 (VI CosYY) 3.46 (VI CosYY)

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 Cont…

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 By varying the line (input) frequency)
 In this case a variable frequency supply is used as the key
factor in speed control of induction motors.
Constant Volt/Hz operation
 The e.m.f per phase of an induction motor is given by
E  4 . 44  m f N ph K w

 The induced emf E is nearly equal to the applied voltage

V (neglecting drop in stator impedance). Then, we can
write; V
f
 4 . 44  m
V N ph K w  Hz

 When the frequency is reduced, the applied voltage also
must be reduced proportionally so as to maintain constant
flux, otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in
excessive iron losses and magnetizing current
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 Cont…
 The maximum torque also remains constant under this
condition.
 However, the voltage is not varied proportionally in the
lower frequency range to account for the voltage drop
in the winding resistance.
 This type of control (constant V/f) is used for speed
control below base frequency (line frequency of 50Hz).

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 By varying the line voltage
 Recall that the torque developed in an induction motor
is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage.
 A set of torque-speed characteristics with various
terminal voltages is shown in fig.a

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 Cont…
 Note that for this method of speed control the slip
increase at lower speeds, making the operation
inefficient.
 However, for fans, or, similar centrifugal loads in which
torque varies approximately as the square of the speed,
the power decreases significantly with decrease in speed.
 Therefore, although the power lost in the rotor circuit
(=sPag) may be a significant ­portion of the air gap
power, the air gap power itself is small and therefore the
rotor will not overheat.
 The voltage controller circuits are simple and, although
inefficient, are suitable for fan, pump, and similar
centrifugal drives.

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 By varying the rotor resistance
 The speed of a wound-rotor induction machine can be
controlled by connecting external resistance in the rotor
circuit through slip-rings.
 The torque- speed characteristics for four external
resistances are shown in fig.b.

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 Cont…
 The load torque-speed characteristic is also shown by
dashed line.
 By varying the external resistance 0 < Rex < Rex4, the
speed of the load can be controlled in the range of N1 <
N < N5 . Note that by proper adjustment of the external
resistance (Rex=Rex2), maximum starting torque can be
obtained for the load.
 The major disadvantage of the rotor resistance control
method is that the efficiency is low at reduced speed
because of higher slips.

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 Cont…
 However, this control method is often employed
because of its simplicity.
 In application where low-speed operation is only a
small proportion of the work, low efficiency is
acceptable.
 A typical application of the rotor, resistance control
method is the hoist drive of a shop crane.
 This method also can be used in fan or pump drives,
where speed variation over a small range near the top
speed is required.

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 Example-1
Example 3.1 A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a full-load
speed of 1440 r.p. m. For this motor, calculate the following: (a)
number of poles ; (b) full-load slip and rotor frequency ;(c)
speed of stator field with respect to (i) stator structure and (ii)
rotor structure and (d) speed of rotor field with respect to (i)
rotor structure (ii) stator structure and (iii) stator field. For parts
(c) and (d), answer should be given in rpm and rad /sec

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 Solution

Since the number of poles must be even and a whole number, the induction motor
must have 4 poles. Note that an induction motor runs at a speed, a little less than
synchronous speed

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 Cont…

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 Example 2
Example 3.2 A 3φ, 15 hp, 460V, 4-pole, 60Hz, 1728 rpm induction
motor delivers full output power to a load connected to its shaft.
The windage and friction loss of the motor is 750 W. Determine
the
a) Mechanical power developed.
b) Air gap power
c) Rotor copper loss.

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 Solution

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 Example -3
Example 3.3 A 3φ, 460V, 1740rpm, 60Hz, 4-pole wound-rotor induction motor
has the following parameters per phase: R1=0.25Ω,
R2’=0.2Ω ,X1=X2’=0.5Ω, Xm=30Ω The rotation losses are 1700 w. with the
rotor terminals short-circuited, find
a) i) Starting current when started direct on full-voltage ii) Starting torque
b) i) Full-load slip ii) Full-load current iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load
current iv) Full-load power factor v)Full-load torque vi) Internal efficiency
and the motor efficiency at full-load
c) i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed ii) Maximum torque developed
d) How much external resistance per phase should be connected in the rotor
circuit so that the maximum torque occurs at start?

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 Solution

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

c) i) From Eq. above

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 Cont…

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 Introduction to Design Induction motor
 The main purpose of designing an induction motor is to obtain the
complete physical dimensions of all the parts of the machine as mentioned
below to satisfy the customer specifications.
 The following design details are required.
1. The main dimensions of the stator.
2 Details of stator windings.
3. Design details of rotor and its windings
4. Performance characteristics.
 In order to get the above design details the designer needs the customer
specifications
- Rated out put power,
- Rated voltage,
- Number of phases,
- Speed,
- Frequency,
- Connection of stator winding,
- Type of rotor winding and working conditions, shaft extension details
etc. 102
 Cont…
 In addition to the above the designer must have the details
regarding design equations based on which the design
procedure is initiated, information regarding the various
choice of various parameters, information regarding the
availability of different materials and the limiting values of
various performance parameters such as iron and copper
losses, no load current, power factor, temperature rise and
efficiency

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 Output Equation
 Output equation is the mathematical expression which gives
the relation between the various physical and electrical
parameters of the electrical machine.
 In an induction motor the out put equation can be obtained as
follows
Consider an ‘m’ phase machine, with usual notations
Out put Q in kW = Input x efficiency
Input to motor = mVph Iph cos Ф x 10-3 kW
For a 3 Ф machine m = 3
Input to motor = 3Vph Iph cos Ф x 10-3 kW
Assuming Vph = Eph, Vph = Eph = 4.44 f TphKw= 2.22 f ZphKw
f = PNS/120 = Pns/2,

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 Cont…

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 Cont…

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 Choice of Specific loadings
 Specific Magnetic loading or Air gap flux density
Iron losses largely depend upon air gap flux density
Limitations :
 Flux density in teeth < 1.8 Tesla
 Flux density in core 1.3 – 1.5 Tesla
Advantages of Higher value of Bav
 Size of the machine reduced
 Cost of the machine decreases
 Overload capacity increases

 For 50 Hz machine, 0.35 – 0.6 Tesla. The suitable values of Bav

can be selected from design data hand book.

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 Specific Electric loading
 Total armature ampere conductor over the periphery

Advantages of Higher value of q

- Reduced size
- Reduced cost
Disadvantages of Higher value of q
- Higher amount of copper
- More copper losses
- Increased temperature rise
- Lower overload capacity

 Normal range 10000 ac/m – 450000 ac/m. The suitable values

of q can be selected from design data hand book.
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 Choice of power factor and efficiency
 Choice of power factor and efficiency under full load conditions
will increase with increase in rating of the machine.
 Percentage magnetizing current and losses will be lower for a larger
machine than that of a smaller machine.
 Further the power factor and efficiency will be higher for a high
speed machine than the same rated low speed machine because of
better cooling conditions.
 Taking into considerations all these factors the above parameters
will vary in a range based on the output of the machine. Similar to
Bav and q, efficiency and power factor values can be selected from
Design data hand book

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 Separation of D and L

 The output equation gives the relation between D2L product and
output of the machine.
 To separate D and L for this product a relation has to be assumed
or established.
 Following are the various design considerations based on which a
suitable ratio between gross length and pole pitch can be assumed.
i. To obtain minimum over all cost 1.5 to 2.0
ii. To obtain good efficiency 1.4 to 1.6
iii. To obtain good over all design 1.0 to 1.1
iv. To obtain good power factor 1.0 to 1.3
 As power factor plays a very important role the performance
of induction motors it is advisable to design an induction
motor for best power factor unless specified.

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 Cont…
 Hence to obtain the best power factor the following relation
will be usually assumed for separation of D and L.

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 Design of Stator
 Stator of an induction motor consists of stator core and stator slots
 Stator slots: in general two types of stator slots are employed in induction
motors viz, open clots and semi closed slots.
 Operating performance of the induction motors depends upon the shape
of the slots and hence it is important to select suitable slot for the stator
slots.
(i) Open slots: In this type of slots the slot opening will be equal to that of
the width of the slots as shown in Fig 10. In such type of slots assembly
and repair of winding are easy. However such slots will lead to higher air
gap contraction factor and hence poor power factor. Hence these types of
slots are rarely used in 3 induction motors.
(ii) ) Semi closed slots: In such type of slots, slot opening is much smaller
than the width of the slot as shown in Fig 10 and Fig 11. Hence in this
type of slots assembly of windings is more difficult and takes more time
compared to open slots and hence it is costlier. However the air gap
characteristics are better compared to open type slots.

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 Cont…
(iii) Tapered slots: In this type of slots also, opening will be much
smaller than the slot width. However the slot width will be
varying from top of the slot to bottom of the slot with
minimum width at the bottom as shown in Fig. 10.

(ii) Semi closed type (iii) Tapered type

(i) Open type

Fig. 10 Different types type slots

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 Cont…

Fig. 11 Semi closed slots

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 Selection of number of stator slots
 Number of stator slots must be properly selected at the design
stage as such this number affects the weight, cost and
operating characteristics of the motor.
 Though there are no rules for selecting the number of stator
slots considering the advantages and disadvantages of
selecting higher number slots comprise has to be set for
selecting the number of slots.
 Following are the advantages and disadvantages of selecting
higher number of slots Disadvantages
Advantages
(i) Reduced leakage reactance.
(ii) Reduced tooth pulsation losses.
(iii) Higher over load capacity.

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 Cont…
 Based on the above comprise is made and the number of
slots/pole/phase may be selected as three or more for integral
slot winding.
 However for fractional slot windings number of
slots/pole/phase may be selected as 3.5. So selected number of
slots should satisfy the consideration of stator slot pitch at the
air gap surface, which should be between1.5 to 2.5 cm.
 Stator slot pitch at the air gap surface =Ԏss= πD/Sss where Sss
is the number of stator slots

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 Turns per phase
 EMF equation of an induction motor is given by Eph =4.44fФTph kw
 Hence turns per phase can be obtained from emf equation
Tph = Eph/ 4.44 Ф fkw
 Generally the induced emf can be assumed to be equal to the
applied voltage per phase

Winding factor kw may be assumed as 0.955 for full pitch

distributed winding unless otherwise specified.
Number conductors /phase, Zph = 2 x Tph, and hence Total number
of stator conductors Z = 6Tph and conductors /slot Zs = Z/Ss or
6Tph/Ss , Where Zs is an integer for single layer winding and even
number for double layer winding.
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 Conductor cross section
 Area of cross section of stator conductors can be estimated
from the stator current per phase and suitably assumed value
of current density for the stator windings
 Sectional area of the stator conductor as = Is / where is
the current density in stator windings
 Stator current per phase Is = Q / (3Vph cosФ)
 A suitable value of current density has to be assumed
considering the advantages and disadvantages.

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 Area of stator slot
 Slot area is occupied by the conductors and the insulation. Out
of which almost more than 25 % is the insulation. Once the
number of conductors per slot is decided approximate area of
the slot can be estimated.
 Slot space factor = Copper area in the slot /Area of each slot
 This slot space factor so obtained will be between 0.25 and 0.4.
The detailed dimension of the slot can be estimated as follows.
 Size of the slot: Normally different types of slots are employed
for carrying stator windings of induction motors. Generally full
pitched double layer windings are employed for stator
windings. For double layer windings the conductor per slot will
be even. These conductors are suitably arranged along the depth
and width of the winding

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 Cont…
 Stator slots should not be too wide, leading to thin tooth width,
which makes the tooth mechanically weak and maximum flux
density may exceed the permissible limit.
 Hence slot width should be so selected such that the flux
density in tooth is between 1.6 to 1.8 Tesla. Further the slots
should not be too deep also other wise the leakage reactance
increases.
 As a guideline the ratio of slot depth to slot width may
assumed as 3 to 5. Slot insulation details along the conductors
are shown in Fig. 12
 Proper slot insulation as per the voltage rating of the machine
has to be provided before inserting the insulated coil in the
slots.

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 Cont…

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 Cont…
 This slot insulation is called the slot liner, thickness of which may
be taken as 0.5 mm to 0.7 mm.
 Suitable thickness of insulation called coil separator separates the
two layers of coils.
 Thickness of coil separator is 0.5 mm to 0.7 mm for low voltage
machines and 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm for high voltage machines.
 Wedge of suitable thickness (3.5 mm to 5 mm) is placed at the top
of the slot to hold the coils in position. Lip of the slot is taken 1.0
to 2.0 mm. Figure 13 shows the coils placed in slots

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 Cont…
 Length of the mean Turn :is calculated using an empirical
formula lmt = 2L + 2.3 Ԏp + 0.24
where L is the gross length of the stator and Ԏp is pole pitch in meter.
 Resistance of stator winding(rs): Resistance of the stator winding
per phase is calculated using the formula = (0.021 x lmt x Tph ) / as
where lmt is in meter and as is in mm2.
 Using so calculated resistance of stator winding copper losses in
stator winding can be calculated as
Total copper losses in stator winding = 3 (Is)2 rs

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 Depth of stator core below the slots
 There will be certain solid portion below the slots in the stator
which is called the depth of the stator core. This depth of the
stator core can be calculated by assuming suitable value for the
flux density Bc in the stator core.
 Generally the flux density in the stator core may be assumed
varying between 1.2 to 1.4 Tesla.
 Depth of the stator core can be calculated as follows.

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 Rotor design
 Reading assignment on rotor design of induction motor

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 THANK YOU !!

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