Cellular Network

UNIT-V Wireless and Mobile Technologies and Protocols and their

Performance Evaluation
By
Prof. Kantilal B. Kharat
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
NBN Sinhgad School of Engineering, Ambegaon(Bk), Pune-41
 Contents-
 Introduction
 Wireless and mobile technologies
 LTE- advanced
 5G – Architecture
 Wireless local area network and Simulations of wireless
networks.

2
 Objective
so make the students understand
T
• Different Generation of Mobile Networks.
• LTE Architecture
• Advanced LTE
• 5G – Architecture
• Wireless local area network and Simulations of wireless
networks.

3
 Outcom
•eCompare different generations of mobile
networks.
• Understand Simulations of wireless networks.

4
 Learning
Resources
 Cristopher Cox, “An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE,VoLTE and
4G Mobile Communications”,Wiley, 2nd Edition.
 E. Dahlman, J. Skold, and S. Parkvall, “4G, LTE-Advanced Pro and The
Road to 5G”, Academic Press, 3 rd Edition
 Obaidat, P. Nicopolitids, “Modeling and simulation of computer networks
and systems: Methodologies and applications” Elsevier, 1 st Edition

NPTEL Course: “Advanced 3G and 4G Wireless Mobile Communications”

5
 Wireless and mobile
 1G: Onlytechnologies
voice
 2G:Voice + SMS + basic data (GSM)
 2.5G:Voice + SMS + a little faster data (GPRS & EDGE)
 3G:Voice + SMS + fast data (3G)
 3.5G: All the above with faster data speeds at 7.5Mbps
 3.75G: All the above with even more faster data speeds at 21Mbps
 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) is set to be the next big thing after
3G
 5G
 6G
6
 Wireless and mobile
technologies

7
 1G Wireless
 Frequency: 150MHz / Standard
900MHz
 Bandwidth: Analog telecommunication (30KHz)
 Characteristic: First wireless communication
 Technology: Analog cellular
 Capacity (data rate): 2kbps
From 1980 to 1990
 Bad voice quality
 Poor battery, cellphones
 Big cellphones
 Better than nothing, at least its wireless and
mobile
8
 2G Wireless
Standard
 Frequency: 1.8GHz (900MHz), digital telecommunication
 Bandwidth: 900MHz (25MHz)
 Characteristic: Digital
 Technology: Digital cellular, GSM
 Capacity (data rate): 64kbps
 From 1991 to 2000
 Allows txt message service
 2.5G
–2G cellular technology with GPRS (data rates14.4 kbps to 171.2
kbps)
–E-Mails
–Web browsing
–Camera phones
 EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution (2.75G)

9  Theoretically data rate up to 473.6 kb/s

 2G Wireless
 Family of 2G wirelessStandard
standards provided basic wireless voice communication
facility to users with mobile cellular devices.
 2G standard, GSM was proposed with an aim of developing a multi-country
joint standard
 It unifies the mobile communication infrastructure across the globe, thus
providing better access and facilities
 Broad set of such standards and their data rates is given below:
Table 1 : Family of 2G wireless Cellular Standards
Generation Standard Data Rate
2G GSM 10 kbps
2G IS-95 (CDMA) 10 kbps
2.5G GPRS 50 kbps
2.75G EDGE 200 kbps
10
 2G Wireless
StandardGSM
 GSM was designed as a circuit-switched system optimized for full duplex
voice telephony.

11
GSM
Architecture
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSMStation
Functions of Mobile
 Voice and data transmission & receipt
 Frequency and time synchronization
 Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells
 Provision of location updates even during inactive state

12
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Functions of BTS (Base Transceiver
Station)
 Radio resources
 Signal Processing
 Signaling link management
 Synchronization
 Local maintenance handling
 Functional supervision and Testing

13
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Functions of BSC (Base Station
Controller)
 Radio Resource management
 Internal BSC O&M
 Handling of MS connections

14
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Functions of MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
• Switching and call routing
• Charging
• Service provisioning
• Communication with HLR
• Communication with VLR
• Communication with other MSCs
• Control of connected BSCs
• Echo canceller operation control
• Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR.
• Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers
• Handle interworking function while working as GMSC

15
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Visitor location register (VLR)
• It contains data of all mobiles roaming in its area.
• One VLR may be in-charge of one or more LA.
• VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS in its area.
• VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.

16
 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)
• Reference store for subscriber’s parameters, numbers, authentication
& Encryption values.
• Current subscriber status and associated VLR.
• Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in
an MSC.

17
 2G Wireless Standard-
AuthenticationGSM
Center (AUC)
• To perform subscriber authentication and to establish
ciphering procedures on the radio link between the network and MS.
• To authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a network.
• AUC is connected to HLR which provides it with
authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network
security.

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 2G Wireless Standard-
GSM
Interfaces used with in NSS

19
 2.5G technology: General Packet Radio
Service
 GPRS provides efficient packet mode of data transfer
 Its popular as it provides cost effective packet service supporting internet
 It supports high speed data transmission
 Can offer data speed of 14.4 kbps to 171.2 kbps
 No dial up connection is requires, its always on as packet data transmission is used
 Over lays on existing GSM network
 Independent of channel characteristics
 Supports all applications like email, telematics, broadcast services, web browsing
etc.
 Supports all type of security a basic GSM system provides

20
 2.5G technology: General Packet Radio
Service

22 GPRS Network Architecture

 2.5G technology: General Packet Radio
Service
A new class of network stations, named GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs), was
introduced. GSNs are in charge of the delivery and routing of data packets
between the mobile equipment units and external Packet Data Networks
(PDNs).
 GPRS introduced two new and modified components: Service GPRS Support
Node (SGSN) & Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
 The Service GPRS Support Node (SGSN) used to enhance the existing GSM
infrastructure to facilitate data access at the Radio Interface Technology level.
 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) to facilitate interconnecting the
GPRS network with other data networks, including the Internet.

22
 2.75 G: Enhanced Data rates for the GSM
Evolution
EDGE has to be regarded as a booster for GPRS.
 New Modulation Principle: EDGE used 8PSK modulation. Compared with the classical
GSM modulation (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)) a 3 times higher data rate is
possible with EDGE.
 EDGE can be used to enhance the data rates of GPRS and HSCSD. In combination with
GPRS (so-called E-GPRS), data rates up to 69.2 kbit/s (gross rate) can be achieved.
 Combining up to 8 physical channels to one user, this means to be a maximum
theoretically data rate of 553.6 kbit/s.

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 3G Wireless
•
Standard
3G wireless standard proposed in 2000 is based on CDMA technology for Multiple
access Termed as Wideband Wireless Technologies
• 3G standard of wideband-CDMA is abbreviated as Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS).
• Capable to support data rates around 300 kbps
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA)
• Enhanced the capabilities od W-CDMA suite of 3G standards to 5 – 30 Mbps
• Capable of providing services similar to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) on wired network

24
 3G Wireless
Standard
 Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz
 Characteristic: Digital broadband, increased
speed
 Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE
 Capacity (data rate): 144kbps – 10Mbps
 From 2000 to 2010
 Video calls
 Fast communication
 Mobil TV
 3G phones rather expensive

25
 3G -
UMTS
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN), which handles functions related
to radio resources and air interface
management; the core network (CN)
performs switching functions and interfaces
to external networks such as the Internet;
and the user equipment (UE).
 The UTRAN analogous to base stations and
controllers from GSM and consists of UMTS
base stations called Node B and Radio
Network Controller (RNC).
 Node B represents the physical entity that
contains the transmitter and receiver to
communicate with the UEs within the cell. UMTS
26 Architecture
 3G -
 The RNC controls the UMTS
Node Bs that are
connected to it. It is responsible for mobility
management functions, handoff control,
handoff decisions, radio resource control,
channel allocation, call admission control,
encryption, decryption, etc.
 The RNC communicates with the Core
Network, and with neighboring RNCs to
facilitate efficient handover between Node Bs
under the control of different RNCs.

27
 3.5 G : High-Speed Packet Access
 HSP(HSPA)
A theoretical peak data rates can go up to 14.4 Mbps downlink and 5.8 Mbps
uplink.
 Use of higher order modulation: 16QAM is used in the downlink instead of QPSK
to allow data to be transmitted at upper rates.
 Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI): Using a shorter TTI decreases the
round trip time, enables enhancements in adapting to fast channel variations and
reduces latency.
 Use of shared channel transmission: Sharing the resources enables us to achieve
high levels of efficiency.

28
 3.5 G : High-Speed Packet Access
 Use(HSPA)
of link adaptation: Adapting the link enables us to maximize the channel
usage.
 Link adaptation is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching
of the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the
conditions on the radio link.
 In HSDPA link adaptation is performed by Choice of modulation type & Choice of
FEC code rate.
 HSDPA adapts to achieve very high bit rates, of the order of 14 megabit/sec, on
clear channels using 16-QAM. On noisy channels HSDPA adapts to provide
reliable communications using QPSK but the information bit rate drops to about
2.4 megabit/sec.This adaptation is performed up to 500 times per second.
29
 3.5 G : High-Speed Packet Access
 (HSPA)
Fast Node B scheduling: Using fast scheduling with modulation and adaptive
coding allows the system to react to the varying radio channel and interference
conditions and to receive data traffic which tends to be “bursty” in nature.
 Node B based Hybrid ARQ: HARQ technique reduces retransmission
roundtrip times and enhances the robustness of the system by permitting soft
combining of retransmissions

30
 3.75 G : Evolved HSPA
(HSPA+)
 The new features include the use of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
technologies, higher order modulation schemes (16 QAM (uplink)/64 QAM
(downlink)), continuous packet connectivity, enhanced CELL_FACH
operation and layer 2 protocol enhancements.
 HSPA+ provides downlink speeds of 4.2 Mbps and uplink speeds of 11 Mbps

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 4G Wireless
 Frequency: 0.7 – 8 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz Standard
 Characteristic: High speed, all IP
 Technology: LTE,WiFi
 Capacity (data rate): 100Mbps –
1Gbps
 Good QoS + high security
 Bigger battery usage
 From 2010 to today (2022)
 MAGIC
–Mobile multimedia
–Anytime, anywhere
–Global mobile support
–Integrated wireless solutions
–Customized personal service
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 4G Wireless
 4G
Standard
wireless standards is based on revolutionary Orthogonal
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology.
Frequency

 Another, breakthrough technology employed in 4G wireless system is Multiple-

Input
Multiple-Output
 It employs multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver in systems
 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced are standards developed by 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization body
 forum
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is under purview of WiMAX
Table 2 : Family of 4G wireless Cellular Standards
.
Generation Standard Data Rate

4G LTE 100- 200 Mbps

4G WiMAX 100 Mbps
4G LTE Advanced > 1Gbps
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 LTE
Specifications
 Packet-Domain-Services only (e.g.VoIP) upon LTE, TCP/IP- based layers
 Higher peak data rate/ user throughput  100 Mbps DL/50 Mbps UL @20MHz bandwidth
 Reduced delay/latency  user-plane latency<5ms
 Improved spectrum efficiency  up to 200 active users in a cell @5MHz bandwidth
 Mobility  optimized for low-mobility (up to 15Km/h), supported with high performance
for medium mobility (up to 120 Km/h), supported for high mobility (up to 500 Km/h)
 Multimedia broadcast & multicast services
 Spectrum flexibility
 Multi-antennas configuration (MIMO)
 Coverage  up to 30 Km
 Multiplexing FDD / TDD
 Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

34
 Spectrum Requirements for LTE
Mobile Broadband Services
BAND USAGE
700 MHz New spectrum for LTE, in some markets previously used for TV, referred to as “digital
dividend” band

800/900 MHz Currently used for 3G, upgrading to dual carrier HSPA+ and LTE

1800 MHz Originally only used for GSM and CDMA, progressive redeployment to 3G HSPA and
recently to LTE

2100 MHz Originally only used for GSM, progressive redeployment to LTE

2300 MHz Originally used for WiMAX, now a standardised LTE band

2500 MHz New capacity band for LTE

35
 Architecture of

LTE
E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network)

36
 Architecture of
LTE
 In the LTE architecture, evolved packet core (EPC) is an IP-based core network
that distributes all types of information over IP, including voice.
 EPC principally includes a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving
Gateway (S-GW) that interfaces with the E-UTRAN, and a PDN Gateway (P-
GW) that interfaces to external packet data networks.
 The entire system is known as the evolved packet system (EPS).
 EUTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the EPC and
has just one component, which is the evolved Node B (eNB).
 eNB in an LTE network replaces Node B in 3G systems and represents a
combination of Node B and the radio network controller (RNC).

37
 Architecture of
• LTE
Every eNB is connected to the EPC by means of the S1 interface. Precisely, it is
connected to the S-GW by means of the S1-U interface and to the MME by means
of the S1-MME interface.
• The eNB interfaces with User Equipment (UE) and can serve one or several cells
at one time.
• The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router that is responsible for routing and
forwarding packets between UEs and the packet data network (PDN), so it
interfaces with the E-UTRAN and a PDN Gateway.
• Moreover, the S-GW serves as a mobility anchor for handover and interworking
with other 3GPP technologies.

38
 Architecture of
• LTE
The packet data network gateway (PDN-GW) ensures connectivity to the UE to
outer packet data networks, as it represents the EPC’s point of contact with the
external world. A mobile could have simultaneous connectivity with several PDN-
GWs for accessing multiple packet data networks.
• The PDN-GW is responsible for several functions such as packet filtering,
charging support, policy enforcement, packet screening, IP address allocation for
the UE, QoS enforcement and lawful interception.
• The mobility management entity (MME), manages UE access network and
mobility.
• The MME also controls mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks.

39
 LTE Radio protocol
architecture

E-UTRAN Protocol stack.

41
 LTE Radio protocol
• architecture
Physical layer: The Physical Layer carries all information from the MAC transport
channels over the air interface. It is responsible for the radio related issues: e.g.,
modulation/ demodulation, coding/decoding, and MIMO techniques.
• The Physical Layer uses different channels: Physical Down Link Shared Channel
(PDL-SCH), Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Multicast Channel
(PMCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and Physical Random Access
Channel (PRACH).
 LTE Radio protocol
• architecture
Medium access layer (MAC):The MAC layer is responsible for mapping between
logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing and demultiplexing of
upper layer PDUs, scheduling air interface resources in both uplink and
downlink, error correction through HARQ, priority handling between UEs by
means of dynamic scheduling, and priority handling between logical channels of
one UE.
• The MAC layer is located below the RLC layer and it provides services to the
RLC by offering logical channels.
 LTE Radio protocol
architecture
 Radio link control (RLC): The RLC Layer is responsible for transfer of upper layer
PDUs, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs. The RLC also
performs error corrections using the well-known Automatic Repeat Request
(ARQ) methods.
 Packet data convergence control (PDCP): The PDCP Layer is responsible for
header compression and decompression of IP data, reducing the overall overhead,
which in turn improves the efficiency over the radio interface. It also performs
ciphering and deciphering of user plane data and control plane data, and integrity
protection and integrity verification of control plane data.
 LTE Radio protocol
architecture
 Radio resource control (RRC): The RRC sublayer is responsible for the broadcast
of system information related to both the non-access stratum (NAS) and the access
stratum (AS), the setup and maintenance of the radio bearers, and security
functions. In addition, it controls the periodicity of the Channel Quality Indicator
(CQI).
 Non-access stratum protocols: NAS protocols support the mobility of the UE and
the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity
between the UE and a PDN GW
 LTE-
Advanced
 Refers to LTE release 10 and later.
 Deliver a peak data rate of 1000 Mbps in the downlink, and 500 Mbps in the
uplink
 Support a maximum bandwidth of 100 MHz
 Supports carrier aggregation, relaying, enhanced MIMO and Coordinated
multiple point transmission and reception.
 Carrier Aggregation (CA): LTE-Advanced allows a mobile to transmit and
receive on up to five component carriers (CCs), each of which has a maximum
bandwidth of 20 MHz.This technique is known as carrier aggregation (CA), thus
can fully utilize the maximum bandwidth of 100 MHz.
 LTE-
Advanced
 Relays: Repeaters and relays are devices that extend the coverage area of a cell.
They are useful in sparsely populated areas, in which the performance of a
network is limited by coverage rather than capacity. They can also increase the
data rate at the edge of a cell, by improving the signal to interference plus noise
ratio there. Improve the coverage, urban or indoor throughput, group mobility,
cell edge coverage, and to extend coverage to heavily shadowed areas in the cell
or areas beyond the cell range.
 LTE-
 Enhanced MIMO: MultipleAdvanced
transmit and receive antennas and multi-cell MIMO
techniques will be applied to offer an enhanced downlink MIMO and enhanced
uplink MIMO, improving the downlink and the uplink data rate.
Enhanced MIMO is considered to be one of the major aspects of LTE-Advanced
that will allow the system to meet the IMT-Advanced rate requirements.
 LTE-
 Coordinated multiple pointAdvanced
transmission and reception: Coordinated multipoint
transmission (CoMP) is one of the new technologies introduced in LTE-Advanced
that is based on orthogonalization techniques to achieve higher spectral efficiency
and higher peak rates for normal and edge users. The basic idea is to create multi-
cells in which information is shared between eNB and the data transmission. With
this method the transmission and reception can be processed as in a MIMO
scenario, hence inter-cell interference (ICI) can be rejected and spatial diversity
can be used to increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
LTE-A Radio Protocol
Architecture

Protocol stack. (a) Control plane. (b) User

plane
 LTE-A Radio Protocol
Architecture
The protocol for the user plane includes :
 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
 Radio Link Control (RLC)
 Medium Access Control (MAC)
 PHY protocol
 The control plane stack additionally includes the radio resource control (RRC)
and non-access stratum (NAS).
 LTE-A Radio Protocol
• Architecture
The Physical Layer (PHY): Like LTE, LTE-A uses OFDM technology to cancel the
Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).
• The Medium Access Control (MAC): It performs resource scheduling and Hybrid
Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) for retransmission.
• The Radio Link Control (RLC): It manages the delivery of the data. It
is responsible for segmentation of data based on Transport Block Size (TBS).
• The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) does ciphering,
retransmission and header compression of user data.
• The Radio Resource Control (RRC) manages security functions (authentication,
and authorization), handling mobility, roaming, and handovers.
• The Non-AccessStratum (NAS) is responsible for authentication,
registration, connection/session management between UE and the core
network.
 Comparison of LTE and LTE-
A
Features LTE LTE-A
Peak data rate Downlink: 300 Mbps; Uplink: Downlink: 1 Gbps; Uplink: 500 Mbps
75 Mbps
Modulation Downlink: /UL QPSK,16QAM 64QAM
Peak spectrum Downlink: 15; Uplink: 3.75 Downlink: 30; Uplink: 15
efficiency
[bps/Hz]
Network architecture Very-flat, IP-based eNB Same as for LTE
Access technology Downlink: OFDMA; Uplink: Downlink: Same as for LTE; Uplink:
SC- FDMA Single-carrier property is not
preserved for SC-FDMA uplink.
Channel bandwidth 1.4, 1.6, 3, 5, 10, 15, & 20 MHz Additionally supports up to 100
MHz for downlink and 40 MHz for
uplink with carrier aggregation.
5G
technology
 5G Wireless
Standard
 Capacity (data rate): 1Gbps –
ULIMITED?
 Why better than 4G?
 From X (2020?) toY (2030?)
 High speed and capacity
 Faster data transmission than 4G
 Supports
–Interactive multimedia
–Voice streaming
–Buckle up.. Internet
 More efficient
 Opportunities of
 10-100 times higher 5G
user data rate
 10 times longer battery life
 10-100 times more connected devices
 5 times reduced end to end latency
(Latency is the time taken for
devices to respond to each other
over the wireless network.)
 1000 times higher mobile data volume
per area
Opportunities of
5G
Open Wireless Architecture of 5G
network
 Functional Architecture of 5G
 Open Wireless Architecture of 5G
 Thenetwork
system comprising of a main user terminal and then a number of independent
and autonomous radio access technologies.
 Each of the radio technologies is considered as the IP link for the outside internet
world.
 The IP technology is designed exclusively to ensure sufficient control data for
appropriate routing of IP packets related to a certain application connections i.e.
sessions between client applications and servers somewhere on the Internet.
 Moreover, to make accessible routing of packets should be fixed in accordance with
the given policies of the user
Comparison
 6G Wireless
Standard
 6G is expected to support data rates of 1
terabyte per second-Much Higher Data Rate.
 Much Lower Latency.
 Network Reliability and Accuracy.
 Emphasis on Energy-Efficiency.
 Machines as Primary Users.
 AI-Driven Wireless Communication Tools.
 Personalized Network Experience.
 Can experience-Cellular surfaces, connected
implants, and “wireless brain-computer
interfaces”
 Who is working on
 China’s official news6G?
agency, the nation has already put a 6G experimental satellite
into orbit.
 InEurope, the 6G Flagship project is working to combine research on
6G technologies
 Japan is devoting $482 million to help 6G become widespread in the next few
years.
 Vodafone Germany announced in 2021 that it was establishing a 6G
research facility in Dresden.
 In South Korea, it’s no surprise that Samsung is working on 6G
 Notably, AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile are leading an industry initiative with ATIS
called the Next G Alliance to help organize and further 6G research throughout
North America
Who is working on
6G?
 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (IEEE 802.11
)
 Used both for indoor and outdoor installations.
 They support two types of networks: Ad-hoc and infrastructure.
 In the infrastructure mode, the network consists of a wireless access point (AP)
and several wireless clients. The AP coordinates the transmission among stations
within its radio coverage area, called Basic Service Set (BSS). It is also responsible
for bridging the wireless traffic to the wired local area network as well as being
responsible for security management. BSSs are interconnected with each other via
a component called a Distribution System (DS).
 All wireless clients communicate with external networks through the AP. Such a
configuration is called an Extended Service Set (ESS).
 Wireless Local Area Network (IEEE 802.11
)
 Ad-hoc networks represent an evolution of infrastructure mode which
remove fixed infrastructure. In fact, they consist of self-organized networks,
with only wireless clients included which communicate directly with each
other without forwarding packets to an access point.
 This mode is suitable for rapidly setting up a wireless network in a
conference room, or anywhere else where enough wired equipment does
not exist.
 Wireless Local Area Network
A series of IEEE 802.11 standards have been proposed to improve the performance
of WLANs, provide higher data rates and better coverage at very low cost as follows:

 IEEE 802.11a: Ratified in 1999; operating in the 5 GHz band with data rate up to
54 Mbps. IEEE 802.11a provides eight channels using OFDM, with 52 subcarriers
spanning over a 20 MHz wide spectrum. Each subcarrier can be modulated with
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM, depending on the wireless environment.
802.11a has less interference than other IEEE 802.11 standards.

 IEEE 802.11g: Ratified in 2003 representing a further higher data rate

extension in the 2.4 GHz band with data rate up to 54 Mbps. The PHY layer can
use either DSSS or OFDM
 Wireless Local Area
 IEEE 802.11d:Network
It represents an official amendment to the IEEE 802.11
specification that adds whereby geographical information is added to transmitted
frames; includes parameters like country name, channel quantity and maximum
transmission level.
 IEEE 802.11e: This amendment defines a set of Quality of Service enhancements
by making several modifications to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer.
Includes packet bursting for the best transmission quality for voice and video
applications.
 IEEE 802.11h: This amendment adds spectrum and transmit power management
extensions.
 IEEE 802.11i: This amendment specifies security mechanisms for wireless
networks called Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
 Wireless Local Area
 IEEE 802.11n:Network
This amendment incorporates Multiple-input Multiple Output
(MIMO) technology to improve network throughput. MIMO enhances
performance with the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver for multiple transmitted data streams, which leads to a considerable
increase in data throughput (up to 600 Mbps) without additional cost of
bandwidth or transmission power, benefiting from antenna diversity and spatial
multiplexing.
 IEEE 802.11r: This amendment enables to manage handover in a seamless manner
by permitting continuous connectivity aboard wireless devices in motion, with fast
and secure handovers from one access point to another.
 IEEE 802.11u: This amendment specification improved interworking with
external networks.
 Simulation of Wireless
Networks
 Done to simulate the networks such as in MANETs,VANETs, etc.
 It provides simulation for routing and multicast protocols for both wired and
wireless networks.
 Network simulation offers an efficient, cost-effective way to assess how the
network will behave under different operating conditions.
 Simulation results can be analyzed to assess network performance, identify
potential problems, understand the root cause, and resolve the issues prior to
deployment.
 Simulation of Wireless
Networks
Simulator Tools use:
• Network simulator 2 (NS2)
• Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET)
• Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNeT+
+)
• Global Mobile system Simulator (GloMoSim)
• LTE-Sim
 Simulation of Wireless
Networks
Network design and simulation software typically provides the following capabilities:
 Modeling networks of many sizes, from global to within a single floor
 Tools for diagramming a network's physical layout, including the ability to
place vendor-specific hardware and software
 The ability to layer network diagrams, collapsing and expanding smaller units,
such as a wiring closet, within a larger unit (for example, a floor)
 Storage for customized network configuration documentation, including
quotes from vendors, equipment speeds, and so on
 The ability to specify traffic loads through specific nodes on the network and to
use animation to simulate the performance of the network under those
assumptions
 Simulation of failures of any network device and viewing animated simulations
of how routers and switches can reroute traffic
 Simulation of Wireless Networks - Mobility
Models
 The evaluation of wireless networks relies heavilyon the modelling of
user mobility.
 The mobility model describes mobile users' movement patterns, including their
location, velocity, and acceleration across time.
 Mobile wireless systems, as well as their algorithms and protocols, are simulated
and evaluated using mobility models.
 Mainly used models are Random walk mobility model & Random
waypoint mobility model.
 Simulation of Wireless Networks - Mobility
• Models
Random walk mobility model: The Random Walk mobility model is a widely used
model to represent purely random movements of the entities of a system in
various disciplines from physics to meteorology.

• Random waypoint mobility model:The Random Waypoint mobility model is a

simple stochastic model in which a node perpetually chooses destinations
(waypoints) and moves towards them. This can be considered as an extension of
the Random Walk mobility model, with the addition of pauses between changes
in direction or speed
 Simulation of Wireless Networks - Mobility
• Models
Metrics of mobility models:The parameters considered for direct mobility
metrics are as follows: relative velocity, temporal dependence, spatial
dependence, and pause time.
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You!
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