2.

Geometrical properties of plane

areas
 INERTIA

Moment

M=F*r
r = perpendicular distance
Moment of inertia

Second moment by force is referred as the moment of

inertia due to force
I = F*r * r

Second moment by mass is referred as the moment of

inertia due to mass in a rigid body
I = m*r *r
I = mr2
Moment of inertia due to mass depends upon
-Radius
-Mass distribution

• If I increases, it is
difficult to rotate.

• If I decreases, it is
easier to rotate.
Second moment by Area is referred as the moment of
inertia due to mass in a rigid body
I = Ar2

Centroid for an area is determined by the first moment of

an area about an axis
1. Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas

Moment of Inertia
• Consider area A lying in the x-y plane
• Be definition, moments of inertia of the differential
plane area dA about the x and y axes
dI x  y 2dA dI y  x 2dA
• For entire area, moments of
inertia are given by
I x   y 2dA
A
I y   x 2dA
A
 2. PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM:

The moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis

normal to the plane is equal to the sum of the moments
of inertia about any two mutually perpendicular axes
lying in the plane and passing through the given axis.

Formulate the second moment of dA

about the pole O or z axis
This is known as the polar axis

where r is perpendicular from the pole

(z axis) to the element dA Polar moment
of inertia for entire area,
J O   r 2 dA  I x  I y
A
3. Parallel Axis Theorem for an Area

• MOI about an exis in the plane of area is equal to the sum of MOI
about parallel centroidal axis and product of area and square of
distance between them.
• For moment of inertia of an area known about an axis passing
through its centroid, determine the moment of inertia of area
about a corresponding parallel axis using the parallel axis
theorem
• Consider moment of inertia of the shaded area
• A differential element dA is
located at an arbitrary distance y’
from the centroidal BB’ axis
• Consider moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA’

I   y 2 dA
• The axis BB’ passes through the area centroid
and is called a centroidal axis.

I   y 2 dA    y   d 2 dA
 y ' dA  2y  dA  0; y  0 2
  y  dA  2d  y dA  d  dA • First integral represent the moment of
 ' dA  y  dA  0; y  0
y inertia of the area about the centroidal
axis
22 • parallel axis • Second integral = 0
I  I  Ad
I x  I x  Ad y • Third integral represents the total area A
theorem
I x  I x  Ad y2
I y  I y  Ad x2
4. Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas

• Composite area consist of a series of connected simpler

parts or shapes
• Moment of inertia of the composite area = algebraic sum of
the moments of inertia of all its parts
4. Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas

Procedure for Analysis

Composite Parts
• Divide area into its composite parts and
indicate the centroid of each part to the
reference axis
Parallel Axis Theorem
• Moment of inertia of each part is determined
about its centroidal axis
Summation
• Moment of inertia of the entire area about the
reference axis is determined by summing the
results of its composite parts
Moments of Inertia of Composite
Areas

9 - 12
5. Product of Inertia for an Area

• Moment of inertia for an area is different for every axis

about which it is computed
• It describes the unbalance behavior while rotating.
• Effect of moment of inertia of x axis on y axis can be
determine by product of inertia.
• First, compute the product of the inertia for the area as
well as its moments of inertia for given x, y axes
• Product of inertia for an element of area dA located at
a point (x, y) is defined as
dIxy = xydA
• Thus for product of inertia,

• Product of inertia can be -ve, 0, +ve.

  x  x
y  h1   dA  y dx  h1  dx
 b  b
 x
xel  x yel  12 y  12 h1  
 b
Integrating dIx from x = 0 to x = b,
b 2
I xy   dI xy   xel yel dA   x 12  2x
h 1   dx
0  b
2 3 2 b
b
2 x x x   x 2 x3 x 4 
 h    2 dx h    2 
0 2 b 2b   4 3b 8b  0
I xy  1 b 2h 2
24
9 - 15
 • Apply the parallel axis theorem to evaluate the
product of inertia with respect to the centroidal axes.
x  13 b y  13 h

With the results from part a,

I xy  I xy  x yA
I xy  24  13 h12 bh
1 b 2h 2  1 b
3

1 b 2h 2
I xy    72

9 - 16
 IMPORTANT
Product of inertia = 0 ( For symmetric section on any
axis)
5. Product of Inertia for an Area

Parallel Axis Theorem

• For the product of inertia of dA with respect to the x
and y axes
dI xy   x' d x y ' d y dA
A

• For the entire area,

dI xy   x' d x y ' d y dA
A

  x' y ' dA  d x  y 'dA  d y  x'dA  d x d y  dA

A A A A

• Forth integral represent the total area A,

I xy  I x ' y '  Ad x d y
6. Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes

• In structural and mechanical design, necessary to

calculate Iu, Iv and Iuv for an area with respect to a set of
inclined u and v axes when the values of θ, Ix, Iy and Ixy
are known
• Use transformation equations which relate the x, y and
u, v coordinates
u  x cos   y sin 
v  y cos   x sin 
dI u  v 2 dA  ( y cos   x sin  ) 2 dA
dI v  u 2 dA  ( x cos   y sin  ) 2 dA
dI uv  uvdA  ( x cos   y sin  )( y cos   x sin  )dA
6. Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes

Given I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA In structural and mechanical design, necessary

to calculate Iuu, Ivv and Iuv for an area with
respect to a set of inclined u and v axes
I xy   xy dA
when the values of θ, Ixx, Iyy and Ixy are
known
we wish to determine moments
Use transformation equations which relate the
and product of inertia with x, y and u, v coordinates
respect to new axes uu and vv.
6. Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes

I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA
I xy   xy dA
Iuu =
Ivv =
Iuv =
• Integrating,

Iuu =
Ivv =
Iuv =
• Simplifying using trigonometric identities ,
6. Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes

• We can simplify to

Iuu = I  I
x y Ix  Iy
I x   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
Ivv = I x  I y I x  I y
I y   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
Ix  I y
IIxuvy= sin 2  I xy cos 2
2
Principal Axis and Principal
Moments of Inertia (IMP)
• Iuu, Ivv and Iuv depend on the angle of inclination θ of the
u, v axes
• The angle θ = θp defines the orientation of the principal
axes for the area

dI u  Ix  I y 
 2  sin 2  2 I xy cos 2  0
d  2 
 p
 I xy
tan 2 p 
I x  I y / 2
Value of tan is same on 180+2O = 2r also. So there is two angle of
principal axis.
• Substituting each of the sine and cosine ratios, we
have
2
max
Ix  Iy  Ix  I y 
I min      I xy2
2  2 
• Result can gives the max or min moment of inertia for
the area
• It can be shown that Iuv = 0, that is, the product of
inertia with respect to the principal axes is zero
• Any symmetric axis represent a principal axis of inertia
for the area
Question:

1.Determine the orientation of principal axis and principal moment of inertia

about centroidal axis of the composite section as shown in figure.
Answer:
θ1 = -28.80
θ2 = 61.20

Imax = 20303149.91 mm4

Imin = 12832049.45 mm4
Classwork

Answer: Answer:
θ1 = -32.54 θ1 = 23.21
θ2 = 57.46 θ2 = 113.21

Imax = 82656.94 cm4 Imax = 26222.85 cm4

Imin = 21961.30 cm4 Imin = 128035.51 cm4

Answer: Answer:
θ1 = 5.42 θ1 = 8.63
θ2 = 95.62 θ2 = 98.63

Imax = 2635345.40 cm4 Imax = 134214.58 cm4

Imin = 674292.80 cm4 Imin = 29591.16 cm4
Assignment: 1
Example 4

Determine the principal moments of inertia for the beam’s

cross-sectional area with respect to an axis passing
through the centroid.
Solution

Moment and product of inertia of the cross-sectional area,

I x  2.90109 mm 4 I y  5.60109 mm 4 I z  3.00109 mm 4

Using the angles of inclination of principal axes u and v,

tan 2 p 
 I xy

 
3.00 109
 2.22
    
I x  I y / 2 2.90 10  5.60 10 / 2
9 9

2 p1  65.8 ,2 p 2  114 .2

  p1  32.9 ,  p 2  57.1
Solution

For principal of inertia with respect to the u and v axes

2
max
Ix  Iy  Ix  I y 
I min      I xy2
2  2 


 
2.90 109  5.60 109  
2

 
 
 2.90 10  5.60 10 
9
  3 .
 
00
9
10 9
2

   2

 2 
max
I min  
 4.25 109  3.29 109 
 I max  7.5410 mm , I
9 4
min  
 0.960 109 mm 4
7. Mohr’s Circle for Moments of Inertia

Procedure for Analysis

Determine Ix, Iy and Ixy
• Establish the x, y axes for the area, with the origin
located at point P of interest and determine Ix, Iy and Ixy

Construct the Circle

• Construct a rectangular coordinate system such that
the abscissa represents the moment of inertia Ixx, Iyy
and the ordinate represent the product of inertia Ixy
7. Mohr’s Circle for Moments of Inertia

Construct the Circle

• Mark IXX and IYY on abscissa
• Determine center of the circle O, which is located at a center
between IXX and IYY,
• By definition, IXX is always positive, whereas IXY will either be
positive or negative
• Draw a verticle line of IXY from IXX having coordinates of point A
(IXX, IXY) or (IXX, -IXY)
• Connect the reference point A with the center of the circle and
determine distance OA (radius of the circle) by trigonometry
• Draw the circle
• Extend the OA line to the circle and conctruct vertical line from
IYY
7. Mohr’s Circle for Moments of Inertia

Principal of Moments of Inertia

• Points where the circle intersects the abscissa give the
values of the principle moments of inertia Imin and Imax
• Product of inertia will be zero at these points
Principle Axes
• This angle represent twice the angle from the x axis to the
axis of maximum moment of inertia Imax
• Sign convention
( If IXY = +ve, rotate Clockwise)
( If IXY = -ve, rotate anticlockwise)
Example 5

Using Mohr’s circle, determine the principle moments of

the beam’s cross-sectional area with respect to an axis
passing through the centroid.
Solution

Determine Ix, Iy and Ixy

Moments of inertia and the product of inertia have been
determined in previous examples
 
I x  2.90 109 mm 4  
I y  5.60 109 mm 4  
I xy  3.00 109 mm 4

Construct the Circle

Center of circle, O, lies from the origin, at a distance
I x  I y / 2  (2.90  5.60) / 2  4.25
Questions: