HENRY MURRAY

PERSONOLOGY

2PSY3 Gabriel Kintanar Aila Mallari

Gabriel Kintanar

Definition
1.Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist. 2.It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time 3.It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviors.

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4. Personality functions are reduce conflicts, satisfy individual needs and to make plans for attainment of future goals. 5. Personality is located in brain.

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Proceedings and Serials

Proceedings
- Basic data of the psychologist - Subject-object or Subject-subject - Internal or External - Shortest themas - Durances Overlapping proceedings

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Proceedings and Serials

Serials
- taking place over a longer period - longer proceedings

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Serial Programs and Schedules

Serial Programs
- Orderly arrangements of sub goals that stretch into the future - If all goes well, will lead to some desired end state
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Serial Programs and Schedules

Schedules
- Represent devices for reducing conflict among competing needs and goal objects by arranging for expression of these tendencies at different times

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Serial Programs and Schedules

Ordination
- Includes the process of plan making as well as the outcome of the process - established program or schedule
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Abilities and Achievements

- Central importance for the individual. - Different areas of ability and achievement: -Physical, mechanical, leadership, etc.
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Establishments of Personality
Id
- Origin of energy - Includes impulses that are acceptable to the self and society

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Establishments of Personality
Ego
- The function of the ego is to govern instinctual needs by moderating their intensities and determining the modes and times of their fulfillment - It must arrange, schedule and

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Establishments of Personality
Superego
- Regulates behavior - Acts as a representative of the culture - Conflict may exist within the superego itself

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Establishments of Personality
Ego-ideal
- Idealized picture of the self - It may be entirely divorced from the superego - If suppressed, person may attempt to serve Gods Will, but will give

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Need
- Is an internal state thats less than satisfactory, a lack of something thats necessary for well-being - Subsidiation situation in which one need is activated to aid in satisfying another need

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Types of Needs:
Primary or Secondary

Primary (Viscerogenic)
- Physical satisfaction - Internal sources

Secondary (Psychogenic)
- Derived from primary needs - Stimulated by external sources

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Types of Needs:
Overt or Covert

Overt Needs

- Manifest needs - Direct and immediate expressions

Covert Needs
- Latent needs - Generally restrained, inhibited, or repressed

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Types of Needs:
Focal or Diffuse

Focal Needs
objects

- Limited classes of environmental

Diffuse Needs

-Generalized, applicable in almost any environmental setting

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- Fixation - If the need is firmly attached to an unsuitable object

Types of Needs:
Proactive and Reactive

Proactive

- One that is largely determined from within - proactor-initiatestheinteraction - Activated as a result of or in response to, some environmental event. - reactor -reactstothestimuli

Reactive

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Types of Needs:
Process activity, modal needs, and effect needs.

Process Activity

- Random uncoordinated, nonfunctional operation of various processes

Modal Needs

- Doing something with a certain degree of excellence or quality

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Types of Needs:
Process activity, modal needs, and effect needs.

Effect Needs

- Done to effect some result

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Interrelation of Needs
Prepotency
- Become reagent with the greatest urgency if they are not satisfied

Fusion

- Multiple needs may be gratified by a single course of action

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Interrelation of Needs
Conflict
- Among important needs

Subsidiation

- Operates in the service of another - Instrumental to the gratification of another

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Levels of Analysis
Aim
- Represents the specific goal adopted by the person as the expression of the need

Cathexis

- The power of an object to evoke a positive or negative in a person

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Levels of Analysis
Sentiment
- Refers to the tendency of an individual to be attracted or repelled in general.

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Press
- Represents the significant determinants of behavior in the environment - Impedes the effort of the individual to reach a given goal

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Motive
-What we experience subjectively - Produce action
Press Motive Need Behavio r

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Tension Reduction
- When a need is aroused, the individual is in a state of tension, and satisfaction of the need involves reduction of the tension - He or she learns to respond by developing a tension that can later be reduced, enhancing the amount of pleasure
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Thema
- An interactive behavioral unit
- A pattern of press and need that come
together around particular interactions

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Need Integrate
- Happens when an individual comes to associate particular objects with certain needs.

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Unity Thema
- Single pattern of related needs and press - Derived from infantile experience

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Regnant Processes
- Physiological accompaniment of a dominant psychological process - All conscious processes are regnant but not all regnant processes are conscious
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Vector-Value Scheme
- behavioral tendencies represented in terms of vectors that represent broad physical or psychological directions of activity. - Interaction among the determinants of behavior
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Vector Value Scheme

Vector
- Action tendencies - Rejection, expression, reception, construction

Value

- goal - Authority, affiliation, body, knowledge, ideology

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Rejection

Construction Expression Expulsion

Destruction

Body (physical well-being) Property (useful objects) Affiliation (interpersona laffection) Knowledge (facts and theories) Aesthetic form (beauty, art) Rejects Develops materials new theory irrelevant to subject

Skis

Maintains comfortable home Dean of school

Writes paper Deletes on new incorrect theory ideas Paints, attends concerts

Attacks others erroneous ideas

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Development

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Individual(atanypointintime)-acomplex integrateofneedsandpressorvectors orvalues,aswellaspersonality structures,abilities,achievementsand sentiments. However, Historyoftheorganismisthe organism

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Murraynotedthatourrecallofevents

dependsonthepossessionoflanguage;we canonlyrecallthatwhichhasbeen verbalized.

Althoughpreverbalexperiencesarenot

recallable,inmanycasestheyareas determiningastolaterevents.

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Preverbalexperiences=empiricaldilemma

theinvestigatormustdependupon externalobservationofthechildandvague reconstructionsoftheindividualafter languagehasdeveloped Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Psychoanalyst: All of these areas create problems for the growing child. Murray: It is only in extreme cases that these areas imply abnormalities.

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Acomplexisanenduringintegrate derivedfromenjoyedconditionsthat determines(unconsciously)thecourseof laterdevelopment.

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Five Complexes:
CLAUSTRAL(1)Thesecure,passive,and

dependentexistencewithinthewomb rudelyinterruptedbythepainful experienceofbirth ORAL(2)Thesensuousenjoymentof suckinggoodnourishmentfromthe mothersbreastwhilelyingsafelyand dependentlyinherarms. broughttoahaltbyweaning

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Five Complexes:
ANAL(3)Thefreeenjoymentofthe

pleasurablesensationsaccompanying defecation restrictedbytoilettraining URETHRAL(4)Thepleasantsense impressionsaccompanyingurination CASTRATION(5)Thethrillingexcitations thatarisefromgenitalfriction prohibitedbythreatsofpunishment

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

1. Claustral Complexes

representresidualsoftheuterineor prenatalexperienceoftheindividual

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1.1 Simple Claustral Complex

Acomplexconstellatedaboutthewish toreinstatetheconditionssimilarto thoseprevailingbeforebirth

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

1.1 Simple Claustral Complex

Cathexisforclaustra(womblike

enclosures),nurturantormotherly objects,death,thepast,resistanceto change,needforpassitivity, harmavoidance,andsuccorance

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

1.1 Simple Claustral Complex

passive,dependentpersonwhois

orientedtowardthepastandgenerally resistanttonoveltyorchange

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1.2 Fear of Insupport Complex

Acomplexthatcentersaboutthe

anxietyofinsupportandhelplessness

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1.2 Fear of Insupport Complex

Manifestsitselfinfearofopen

spaces,falling,drowning,earthquake, fire,andfamilyinsupport

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1.3. Egression Complex

-acomplexthatisanxiouslydirected againstsuffocationandconfinement -concernedwithescapingor departing -cathexisforchange,claustrophobia, andastrongneedforautonomy

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2. Oral Complex

represent derivatives of early feeding

experiences

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2.1. Oral Succorance Complex

involvesoralactivityincombination

withpassiveanddependent tendencies

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

2.1. Oral Succorance Complex

oralautomatismssuchassucking;cathexis

fororalobjects; compulsiveeatinganddrinking; needforpassitivityandsuccorance, cathexisforwords,andinhibitedaggressive needs

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

2.2. Oral Aggressive Complex

combinesoralactivitywith

aggression

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2.2. Oral Aggressive Complex

manifestedinoralautomatismssuch

asbiting,spitting,andshouting; cathexisforsolidoralobjects

verbalaggressionsuchassarcasm.;

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2.2. Oral Aggressive Complex

(repressed)needforharmavoidance,

phobiaforbitingobjects,andstuttering

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2.3. Oral Rejection Complex

involvesspittingoutanddisgustover

oralactivitiesandobjects

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2.3. Oral Rejection Complex

morespecifically,itisrevealedina

negativecathexisforcertainfoods;

Vomiting;fearoforalcontamination

(suchaskissing);needtoreject,need forseclusionandautonomyanddislike fornurturingobjects

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Possible Reasons:
Klein:
Lack

of gratifying feeding sensations fromthemotherwhichresultedtothe infantsmoreexperienceofthebad breastratherthanthegoodbreast

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Possible Reasons:
Erikson:
Again,becauseofthelackofgratifying

feedingsensations,thechilddidnt developbasic trust.

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Possible Reasons:
Horney:
thepersonsfeelingsofbasichostility

andbasicanxietyledhim/hertoadapt theneurotictrendofmovingawayfrom people

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3. Anal Complex
derivedfromeventsassociatedwith

theactofdefecatingandbowel training

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3.1. Anal Rejection Complex

includescathexisforfeces;needfor

aggression;disorder,dirtyingor smearing;needforautonomy

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3.2. Anal Retention Complex

involvesunderlyingcathexisforfeces

butitisconcealedbyapparentdisgust andnegativereactiontodefecation

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3.2. Anal Retention Complex

expressastrongneedfororderand

cleanlinessandalsoaneedtoretain possessions:Freudiantrilogyof parsimony,cleanlinessandobstinacy needforautonomy

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4. Urethral Complex

associatedwithexcessiveambition,a

distortedsenseof self-esteem, exhibitionism,sexualcravings,and self-love(strongnarcissm)

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Icarus Complex

4. Urethral Complex

-displayscathexisforfire,ahistoryof

enuresis,acravingforimmortality, andaloftyambitionthatdissolvesin thefaceoffailure

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5. Castration Complex
-theanxietyevokedbythefantasy

thatthepenismightbecutoff infantilemasturbation anxiety

-comesasaresultofthefantasiesof

-itisnottherootofallneurotic

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Critique of Murray

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His theory shows:

his

sophistication in biological science and clinical practice his brilliant style in writing

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His theory focused:

on

individuals in all their complexity thus PERSONOLOGY

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1. Falsifiable
moderate attempted

to bridge the gap between clinical practice and empirical research Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) : assessing needs and motives no formal scoring researchers who modified the TAT developed objective scoring techniques = falsifiable

2. Generates Research
above

average

need for achievement- David McClelland need for power- studies about sex differences, correlation of health status and need for power , and also a research about war, peace, and power need for intimacy many researchers modified the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

3. Guides Action
above TAT Proceedings

average

and Serials (basic data: subject-subject or objectobject interactions) Press (what the investigators use to classify the significant portions of the world the individual lives)
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4. Organizes Data
moderate the

WHAT, HOW, and WHY of personality should be answered (the HOW and WHY were the only ones to be answered) ideas/concepts from other theorists were applied
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5. Internally Consistent
moderate

terms are clearly defined terms seem operationally defined but are not because they are abstract and hypothetical (operational definitions should be valid and reliable)

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6. Parsimony
very

low very complicated terms very specific dynamics and processes to be applied in everyday life detailed classifications and the number of different categories (eg: types of needs) that observers felt were unnecessary in the study of behavior. theory intended for professionals only

Dimensions of Humanity

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Determinism vs. Free Choice

both because Murrays personology is colored by Freuds psychoanalytic view, determinism cant be taken away from his theory (need, press, need integrate, complex..) but his concepts of serial programs, schedules, and ordination puts the human person in control

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari

Optimism vs. Pessimism

optimism he

put a lot of effort in modifying the orthodox view of psychoanalysis as seen in the concepts of id, ego and [superego] He also went the other way with the concept of the complexes

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Causality vs. Teleology

both causal:

History of the organism is the organism infantile complexes affects later behavior teleological: serial programs, schedules, ego-ideal (goals & subgoals)

Unconsciousness vs. Consciousness

unconsciousness this

is showed in his deep interest in the verbal report of an individual and also in the persons imagination production through TAT

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Biology vs. Social Influences

both consistent

emphasis upon the physiological processes underlying all psychological processes (regnant process) Personality is located in the brain In spite of emphasizing biological factors, he did not abandon the contribution of social influence upon the individual To fully understand personality, one must take into account not only the subject but also the context in which the subject comes in contact to.

Homeostasis vs. Heterostasis

Homeostasis humans

are motivated to reduce a specific tension with a particular need; he believes our key to motivation is equilibrium We even have the tendency to increase tension not for growth but for more satisfaction when we reduce it

Uniqueness vs. Similarities

Uniqueness Reflected

into one of his definitions of personality that it should reflect the enduring and recurring elements of behavior as well as the novel and unique

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari