𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄

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 Definition of Force

• Force refers to a push or a pull that result from interaction

of bodies.
• It is that which changes the state of motion of a body.
• The SI unit of force is the newton (N).
• Force has both magnitude and direction and is represented
by a straight line with an arrow as shown below.
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• The length of the line shows the magnitude of the force
while the arrow head shows the direction of the force.

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 Effects of Force
1. Force can make stationary object move.
2. It can increase speed of moving object.
3. It can stop a moving object.
4. It can decrease speed of moving object.

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5. It can change shape of an object (i.e. can deform an object).
6. It can make an object turn about a fixed point (pivot). This is
called turning effect of force.
7. It can change the direction of a moving object.

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 Exercise

Which of the effects above can be caused by:

i. A push only?
ii. A pull only?
iii.A push or a pull?

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 Types of force
Gravitational Force
It refers to the force of attraction between any two bodies
e.g. force of attraction between the earth and the moon.
Gravitational force is a non-contact force.
Gravitational Force of the Earth
It is the force of attraction on bodies toward the centre of
the earth.
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 Factors affecting gravitational force

1. Masses of the objects - The larger the masses the

stronger the gravitational force.
2. Distance of separation between the two objects. The
longer the distance of separation the weaker
gravitational force.
 
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 Examples
1. What are non-contact forces?
2. Explain why a ball thrown upwards returns back to the ground

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1. There are forces which act even if objects are not in contact with one
another.
2. It is due to attraction by earth’s gravitational force

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Centripetal Force
• This is a force which maintains a body to move in a circular
orbit or path.
• It is directed towards the centre of the circular orbit / track.
Examples of situations in which centripetal force acts
include:
• Whirling a stone tied to a string.

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• The earth revolving around the sun along it is orbit.
• Centrifuge used to separate ghee from milk.
• A car moving round a circular track or road (corner).

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Magnetic force
• Magnetic force is the force of attraction or repulsion
due to a magnet.
• It is non-contact force.
• Magnetic attraction occurs between a magnet and a
magnetic material or between unlike poles of a magnet
while repulsion occurs between like poles of magnet.
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 Upthrust force
• Upthrust is an upward force acting on objects immersed
in fluids (liquids or gases).
• Upthrust can also be defined as the apparent loss in
weight of a body immersed in a liquid or gas.

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Upthrust is a contact force.

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Examples of situations in which upthrust force acts
include:
• Balloons to rising
• Swimmers and boats floating
• Bodies immersed in liquids weighing less than their
weight in air.

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 Numerical Example
A body weighs 100 N in air and 80 N when submerged in
water. Calculate the upthrust acting on it.

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 Solution

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Frictional Force
• This is a force that opposes motion between two
surfaces that are in contact.
• Frictional force in fluids (liquid and gases) is called
viscous drag (viscosity).
• Frictional force is a contact force and it acts in the
direction opposite to that of motion of the body.
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Advantages of Frictional
Force
Frictional force helps in:
1. Writing. 3. Walking.
2. Braking. 4. Erasing.
5. Lighting a match stick etc
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Disadvantages of Frictional Force
i. Causes wear and tear.
ii. Hinders motion.
iii.Produces unwanted heat.
iv. Produces unwanted sound.

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 Methods of Reducing Frictional Force
i. Oiling and greasing. iv.Smoothening surfaces.
ii. Using rollers. v. Using ball bearings.
iii.Streamlining bodies. vi.Air cushioning

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Electrostatic Force
• Electrostatic force is the force of attraction or repulsion
between electrically charged bodies.
• It is non-contact force. There are two types of electrical
charges (positive and negative).
• Attraction occurs between unlike charges i.e. positive
and negative while repulsion occurs between like
charges.
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Examples of situations in which electrostatic force acts
include:
a. A plastic ruler or pen rubbed with piece of dry cloth or
hair attracts pieces of paper.
b. A wiped glass window rapidly attracts dust due to
charges left on them during wiping.

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c. Polished shoes rapidly attract dust due to charges left
on them during brushing.
d. A nylon cloth produces crackling sound and sticks on
the body when being removed etc.

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 Action and Reaction Forces
• Action and reaction are two equal forces acting in
opposite directions.
• They are contact forces.
• When a block of wood is placed on a table, its weight
(action) acts on the table. The reaction of the table
(opposite force) acts on the block.
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Nuclear Force
• This is a force that binds protons and neutrons in
atomic nuclei.
• Nuclear force is a contact force.

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Tension Force
• It is a force which acts on stretched
bodies.
• Tension is as a result of two opposing
forces applied one at each end of a
body.
• It is a contact force
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Surface Tension
Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length in
the plane of a liquid surface acting at right angles on
either side of an imaginary line drawn in that surface.

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Molecular Explanation of Surface Tension
A molecule deep in the liquid is surrounded by liquid on
all sides so that the net force on it is zero. A molecule on
the surface has fewer molecules on the vapour side and
therefore will experience a resultant inward force,
causing the surface of the liquid to be in tension.

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 Examples of situations in
which surface tension force
acts include:
• A steel razor blade or needle
floats when carefully placed
on water although steel is
denser than water.

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• A glass of water can be filled with water above the brim without water
pouring out. This is due to surface tension on the surface of water

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• Bristles of a brush spread in water but cling together
when the brush is retrieved out of water. The clinging
together of bristles is due to surface tension of water on
the surface of bristles.

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• A drop of water from a burette or water tap grows and stretches out
before it falls off due to surface tension on the surface of the drop.
 Note:
Surface tension acts along the surface of a liquid so as to reduce surface
area. This can be illustrated by the following observations:
i. When bubble of soap is blown to the wide end of the funnel and the
left with the upper end, the bubble recedes slowly until it flattens to a
film. It therefore makes its surface as small as possible

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ii. When a film of a soap contained in a wire loop is
punctured or pierced at point X as shown below, the
remaining part of the film acquires a minimum area.
The thread is therefore pulled from one side making a
perfect curve. This is because of forces of surface
tension from one side only.

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Factors Affecting Surface Tension
i. Impurities
Impurities reduce surface tension of a liquid. Soap (detergent)
weakens the cohesive forces between surface liquid molecules
and therefore reducing surface tension.
ii. Temperature
Temperature reduces surface tension of the liquid because it
weakens cohesive force of attraction between liquid molecules.

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 Exercise
Explain the following observations:
a. A steel needle placed carefully on the surface of water does
not sink.
b. When a small drop of detergents is placed on water, the
floating needle moves rapidly away from it and sinks when
more detergent is added
c. A match stick wrapped at one end with soap starts moving
immediately in one direction when placed on the surface of
water
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Adhesion (adhesive force)
Adhesion refers to the force of attraction between molecules of
different kind e.g. force of attraction between water and glass
molecules.
Examples of situations in which adhesive force acts include:
i. Liquid wetting glass.
ii. Paint sticking on wall.
iii. Ink sticking on paper.
iv. Chalk mark sticking on the board.
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 Cohesion (Cohesive Force)
Cohesion refers to the force of attraction between molecules of
same kind e.g. force of attraction between water molecules.
Some Effects of Adhesive and Cohesive Forces
a. Capillary Tubes Dipped in Water

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• In both capillary tubes water curves upwards at the edge (wets
glass).The rise of water up the tube is due to adhesive forces
between glass and water molecules being stronger than
cohesive force of attraction between water molecules.
• The upward curve is called concave meniscus.

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b. Capillary Tubes Dipped in Mercury
 The level of mercury in capillary tubes is lower than
that of mercury in the basin. Being lowest in the
narrow tube.
 In both capillary tubes mercury curves downwards
at the edge (does not wet glass). This is due to
stronger cohesive force between mercury molecules
than adhesive forces between mercury and glass
molecules.
 The downward curve is called convex meniscus

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c. Water on Clean and Waxed glass surfaces

• When water is dropped on a clean piece of glass, it spreads

because adhesive forces between glass and water molecules are
stronger than cohesive forces between water molecules.
• When water is dropped on waxed glass surface, it rolls into
small droplets. This is because waxing reduces adhesive force
between water and glass molecules. Cohesive force becomes greater
than adhesive force.
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Mass and Weight
Mass is defined as the quantity of matter in a body.
Weight is the gravitational pull on a body. It is a force and
therefore its SI unit is Newton (N).
The direction of action of weight on earth is towards the centre
of the earth
Relationship between Mass and Weight
Mass and weight are related as follows:
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Definition of acceleration due to gravity (g)
It is defined as the gravitational force acting on a unit mass at a place.
The SI unit of g (gravitational field strength) is the newton per kilogram
(N/kg)
Note: A graph of weight versus mass is a straight line through the origin and
the slope of the graph gives acceleration due to gravity, g i.e.

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 • Differences between Mass and Weight
Mass weight
The quantity of matter in an Gravitational pull on an object
object body
The SI unit kg (kilogram) SI unit is the newton
Constant everywhere Varies from place to place
A scalar quantity A vector quantity
Measured using a beam balance Measured using a spring balance
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 Examples
1. State a reason as to why weight of a body varies from place to place on
the earth’s surface.
2. An object weighs 1000N on earth’s surface (
a) Calculate its mass.
b) If the same object weighs 160N on the moon surface, find the
gravitational field strength of the moon.

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3) A mass of 7.5kg has a weight of 30N on a certain planet. Calculate the
acceleration due to gravity on this planet.
4) A man has a mass of 70kg. calculate :
a) His weight on earth where the gravitational field strength is 10N/kg.
b) His weight on moon where the gravitational field strength is 1.7N/kg.

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1. State a reason as to why weight of a body varies from place to place on the
earth’s surface.
Gravitational field strength varies from one place to another on the earth’s
surface being strong at the poles and weak at the equator.
2. An object weighs 1000N on earth’s surface (
a. Calculate its mass.

•  
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 b. If the same object weighs 160N on the moon surface, find the
gravitational field strength of the moon.

3. A mass of 7.5kg has a weight of 30N on a certain planet. Calculate the

acceleration due to gravity on this planet.

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4. A man has a mass of 70kg. calculate :
a. His weight on earth where the gravitational field strength is 10N/kg.

 
b. His weight on moon where the gravitational field strength is 1.7N/kg.

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Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantity
A scalar quantity is one with magnitude only but no direction eg;
1. Time 6. Volume
2. Temperature 7. Length
3. Energy 8. Mass
4. Speed 9. Distance.
5. Area
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Vector Quantity
A vector quantity is one with both magnitude and direction e.g.
1. Weight 4. Momentum
2. Force 5. Acceleration
3. Velocity 6. Displacement

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 If the weight of a car is 8000 N, 8000 gives magnitude of the weight, N is
the SI unit and direction is towards the centre of the earth.
Resultant vector
This is the sum of two or more vectors taking into account the direction of
the vectors.
Example
Find the resultant force of the forces acting on a point object shown below.

a)

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• Solution
( +4 𝑁 ¿+(+5 𝑁 )=+9 𝑁

b)

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Solution

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 Examples

1. The figure below shows two glass tubes of different diameter dipped in
water.
Explain why h2 is greater than h1

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2. Name two forces that determine the shape of liquid drop on the solid
surface
3. Give a reason why weight of the body varies from place to place.
4. A metal bin was observed to float on the surface of pure water.
However the pin sank when a few drops of soap solution were added to
the water. Explain this observation.

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 Solutions
1. The figure below shows two glass tubes of different diameter dipped in
water.
Explain why h2 is greater than h1
i) Adhesive force in narrow tube is
greater than adhesive force in wider
tube.
ii) Volume of water in both tubes is the
same hence the column of water in
narrow tube h2 is greater.
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2. Name two forces that determine the shape of liquid drop on the solid
surface
Cohesive and adhesive forces
3. Give a reason why weight of the body varies from place to place.
The gravitational field strength varies from place to place.
4. A metal bin was observed to float on the surface of pure water.
However the pin sank when a few drops of soap solution were added to
the water. Explain this observation.
Soap solution is an impurity. When added to water, it lowers the surface
tension (by dissolving) of water making the needle to sink.
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 Revision Exercise
1. By considering action-reaction forces, identify why water rises up a
thin capillary tube.
2. Give two examples of contact force and non-contact force.
3. Sketch how a vector quantity is represented on a diagram.
4. Define force and give SI unit.
5. Name all the forces acting on the following bodies:
b. A box placed on a table
c. A mass suspended from a spring balance.
d. A moving car negotiating a bend.

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6. Define cohesive force and adhesive force.
7. Explain why a man using a parachute falls through air slowly while a stone fall
through air very fast.
8. A spring stretches by 6cm when supporting a load of 15N.
a. By how much would it stretch when supporting a load of 5kg?
b. What load would make the spring extend by 25mm?
9. Explain each of the following, using the behaviour of molecules where possible:
a) A steel needle placed carefully on the surface of water does not sink.
b) When a small drop of detergent is placed on water, the needle moves rapidly away
from it and sinks when more detergent is added. ( assume that detergent does not
affect the density of water)
c) A match –stick rubbed at one end with soap starts moving immediately in one
direction when placed on the surface of water.
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10.
a) Define surface tension.
b) How does temperature rise and impurities affect the surface tension of
water?
c) How would the surface tension of water be increased?
11. Define the terms.
a) Mass
b) Weight.

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12. The mass of a lump of gold is constant everywhere, but its weight is
not. Explain this.
13. A man has a mass of 70kg. Calculate:
a) His weight on earth, where the gravitational field strength is 10N/kg.
b) His weight on the moon, where the gravitational field strength is
1.7N/kg.
14. A mass of 7.5kg has weight of 30N on a certain planet. Calculate the
acceleration due to gravity on this planet.

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15. Define the following terms, giving examples.
a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity
16. .
a) Define a resultant vector.
b) Find the resultant of a force of 4N and a force of 8N acting at the same point on an object
if:
c) The force act in the same direction in the same straight line.
d) The force act in the opposite directions but in the same straight line.
17. Show diagrammatically how forces of 7N and 9N can be combined to give a resultant force
of:
(a) 16N
(b) (b) 2N
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