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Cells and Tissues - Rev

Cells are the microscopic building blocks that make up the human body. There are over 37 trillion cells in the typical adult human body that come in over 200 cell types. Cells contain DNA, take in nutrients to produce energy, grow and divide, and carry out specialized functions. When cells group together to perform similar functions, they form tissues that make up organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. The four main tissue types are connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.

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Chai Miloren
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59 views

Cells and Tissues - Rev

Cells are the microscopic building blocks that make up the human body. There are over 37 trillion cells in the typical adult human body that come in over 200 cell types. Cells contain DNA, take in nutrients to produce energy, grow and divide, and carry out specialized functions. When cells group together to perform similar functions, they form tissues that make up organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. The four main tissue types are connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.

Uploaded by

Chai Miloren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Body Cells and Tissues

INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL


CELLS are often called the
microscopic building blocks of
the body.

They are active and dynamic,


they continually grow and
specialize, function, die, and
replenish themselves, by the
millions every second.

The whole body contains


about 37.2 trillion
(37,200,000,000,000
cells,

There are 226 different


2
kinds !!
Cells provide
structure for the
body, take in
nutrients from food,
convert those
nutrients into
energy, and carry
out specialized
functions.

They also contain


the body’s
hereditary material
in the form of
DNA and make
copies of
themselves.
The cell is the basic
functional unit of
the human body.

Cells are
considered as the
basic unit of
Life !!

Cells are extremely


small, typically
only about 0.01
millimeter (.0004
or
4 ten-thousandths
of an inch) across –
even our largest
cells are no bigger
than the width of a
A 6 micron diameter carbon filament above
human hair. a 50 micron diameter human hair
The Parts of the
Cell
• Each living cell carries
out the tasks of
taking food,
transforming food
into energy, getting
rid of wastes, and
reproducing.

• Most of our body cells


have three main
parts:

• Cell outer
Membrane

• Cytoskeleton
structure inside to
keep its shape

• The nucleus
The cell membrane is a double layer of lipids and proteins that
surrounds a cell and separates the cytoplasm (the liquid
contents of the cell) from its surrounding environment.

It is selectively permeable, which means that it only lets certain


molecules enter and exit and it controls the amount of
some substances that go into or out of the cell.
The cell membrane also contains many different proteins which make up
about half of its surface.

Many of these proteins are embedded in the membrane but stick out on both
sides. There are thousands of proteins and ion channels on each of
the 37.2 Trillion cells in the body !!

Some of these proteins are receptors which bind to signal molecules, while
others are ion channels which are the only means of allowing ions into or out
of the cell.
Nucleu
s
• Structure:

• The nucleus is a sphere that


contains another sphere called a
nucleolus

• It’s function: - the storage


center of the cell’s DNA

• Manages cell functions


As mentioned, there are 226
types of Body cells - some can
form sheets like those in your
skin or lining your mouth, while
others can store or generate
energy, such as fat and muscle
cells.

All cells have an outer


membrane, a control center
called a nucleus that contains
our DNA, and tiny powerhouses
called mitochondria.
CELL DIVERSITY- INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
• The Nucleus of each cell contains
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
which directs the activity of the
cell.

• Eukaryotes are cells in animals


and plants that contain a
nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles (small internal
parts), which includes all of our
body cells.

• As a group, the Eukaryotes and


the sex cells in our bodies are
called Somatic cells.

• Prokaryotes are cells that lack


nuclei and membrane-bound
inside parts, such as those in
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES
• An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific
functions within a cell.
• Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm (liquid) of
our
cells
and are held in there by an outside membrane.
– Cell Membrane – Mitochondria
– Nucleus – Lysosomes
– Cell Wall – Peroxisomes
– Cytoplasm – Cilia and Flagella
– Cytoskeleton – Basal Bodies
– Ribosomes – Centrioles
– Endoplasmic Reticulum – Vacuoles
– Golgi Apparatus – Plastids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJjtEJBJS-8 - 5 minutes
CELL VS. VIRUS: A BATTLE FOR HEALTH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqGuJhOeMek
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Cells in multicellular organisms often
specialize (take on different shapes &
functions)

STEM

CELLS

13
CELL SPECIALIZATION

• Cells in a multi-
cellular organism
become specialized
by turning
different genes on
and off inside a
Stem cell

• This is known as
DIFFERENTIATIO
N
14
SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLS

Muscle cells Red blood cells

Cheek cells

15
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

2. Cells are an organisms’ basic units of structure


and
function.

3. Cells come only from existing cells.

4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular


level.

5. Homeostasis at the level of the tissue, organ,


organ system, and organism, reflects the combined
and coordinated actions of billions of cells !
CELL SIZE

1 nm = nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter


Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
µm = 1 micron = 1 millionth of a meter
19
Smallest Cells:

Longest Cells: Cell Diversity-


Size Biggest Cells:
6 inches long, 5 inches wide, 3 pounds

Ostrich Egg

1 nm = nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter


µm = 1 micron = 1 millionth of a meter
AND NOW, JUST IN TIME FOR HALLOWEEN, WE
PRESENT THE AMAZING AMOUNT OF CREEPIES AND
CRAWLERS THAT ARE ON THE OUTSIDE AND INSIDE
OF YOUR BODY !!
MORE THAN HALF YOUR
BODY IS NOT HUMAN !

Human cells make up only 43%


of the body's total cell count. The
rest – 57%, are microscopic
colonists called our Microbiome.

There are over 400 different


species of them !!

They are essential to your health,


so your body isn't just you !

No matter how well you wash, nearly


every nook and cranny of your body
is covered in microscopic creatures,
including bacteria, viruses, fungi
and archaea (organisms
originally misclassified as
bacteria).

The greatest concentration of37.2 Trillion cells + 49.3 Trillion cells = 86.5 Trillion cells !!
this microscopic life is in the dark
murky depths of our oxygen-
deprived bowels.
You have about 32 million
bacteria on every square inch
of your skin !!
MITOSIS

Out of the 37.2 Trillion cells in your body, 96


million of them die every minute but luckily,
96 million new cells are created each minute.
To do this, there has to be an efficient
process in place to do that.

This is called Mitosis, when one cell divides to


produce two genetically identical cells, with the
same DNA in them. The longer name for the
final part of the process is Cytokinesis.

It takes 2 hours for each cell to divide into


2
cells !!
There is another type of cell division called Meiosis
which is a process where a single cell divides https://www.youtu
twice to produce four cells, with each
containing half the original amount of genetic
information.
be.com/watch?v=A
These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males,
hgRhXl7w_g
eggs in females.
There are different stages of growth of our body parts, based on
how the cells divide in those areas
The whole cell division process takes 7 hours with the last part –
Cytokinesis, taking 2 hours for the cells to finish their being created and
split apart !!
Structural Organization of Eukaryotic
and Prokaryotic Cells

Flagella
Small bacteria and other cells have tails they can rotate to let them
move through body fluids.

At one millionth of the size of a grain of sand, it is done with


a motor designed by Nature, called a flagellar motor assembly.

It is a self-assembling nano machine.


FLAGELLUM

CILIA

How does a Prokaryotic


cell (bacteria) move
around to find food and
do its thing ?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta
Pleasant; August 1, 1920 –
October 4, 1951) was an
African-American woman whose
cancer cells are the source of
the HeLa cell line, the first
immortalized human cell line
and one of the most important
cell lines in medical research.

Immortalized means that


instead of dying when cultured
in a lab, her cells continue to
reproduce and are used for
cancer research all around the
World !!
Lacks was the unwitting source of
these cells from a tumor biopsied
during treatment for cervical cancer
at Johns Hopkins Hospital in
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., in 1951.

These cells were then cultured by


Dr. George Otto Gey who created
the cell line known as HeLa (after
her name), which is still used for
medical research all around the
world.

He discovered that Mrs. Lacks’ cells


were unlike any of the others he
had ever seen.

Where other cells would die, Mrs.


Lacks' cells doubled every 20 to 24
hours.
Dividing HeLa cells as seen
by a scanning electron
micrograph (colored).

The image is taken during


cell division
(cytokinesis).

The transient connecting


midbody formed by
microtubules can be seen.

Credit: Steve Gschmeissner /


Photo
Researchers, Inc
TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY
THE 4 TYPES OF BODY TISSUE

Your body is made of cells and when groups of


cells do the same kind of work, they are
called tissues.

You have four main types of tissues:


Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous
tissue.

Connective tissue joins bones and cushions


organs.

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the


body. It also lines organs and cavities.

Muscle tissue helps you move

Nervous tissue sends electrical signals.

Blood, bone, and cartilage are all types of


connective tissue, but so are fat layers,
tendons, ligaments, and the fibrous tissue that
holds organs and epithelial layers in place.
AND NOW FOR SOME CELL HUMOR !!

In the average
adult, there are 37
trillion human
cells and 49
trillion microbes.

At best, you are a


little more than
43% you !!
THE END

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