Chapter 1:

Introduction to Systems
Analysis and Design

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 New Digital (IT Based) System
Business
If I ask you
Please develop an online
system for my business.
What will be your first response?

Or

How will you start?

Activity: What %age of IT Projects Failed Today?

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Tegarden Systems Analysis and Design with UML, 5th Edition
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 Learning Objectives
 Systems development life cycle
 Identify the four phases
 How it came about
 Methodology alternatives
 Team roles & skill sets
 Object-oriented systems characteristics
 Object-oriented systems analysis & design
 The Unified Process & its extensions
 The Unified Modeling Language (UML)

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The Planning Phase is the fundamental two-step process of understanding why an
information system should be developed and creating a plan for how the project team will
develop it.
The deliverables from both steps are combined into the project plan, which is presented to
the project sponsor and approval committee at the end of the Planning Phase. They decide
whether it is advisable to proceed with the system development project.

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 Global ICT Spending

T. Spending 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

$M
Traditional T $4,005,011 $4,005,032 $4,130,413 $4,277,843 $4,453,674
$4,146,194

New $653,808 $891,760 $1,030,455 $1,189,208 $1,362,017

$766,521
Technologies
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 Introduction
 Why do we need a formal process?
 Failures occur (too) often (next slide)
 Creating systems is not intuitive
 Projects are late, over budget or delivered with
fewer features than planned

 The System Analyst is the key person

 Designs a system to add value
 Must understand the business processes
 Job is rewarding, yet challenging
 Requires specific skill sets
 Understanding what to change, knowing how
to change it.
 Continuous problem solvers
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 Failures
 found success is “improbable” in 68% of technology projects.
Many of the systems that aren’t totally abandoned are
delivered to the users significantly late, cost far more than
expected, and have fewer features than originally planned.
 The costs of this failure on the global economy of $6.2
trillion
 Fundamental concepts and practical techniques that you can
use to improve the probability of success.
 The primary objective of the systems analyst is to create a
wonderful system? Or The primary goal is to create value for
the organization.

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 Roles of System Analyst
1. Business Analyst
2. Requirements Analyst
3. Infrastructure Analyst
4. Change management Analyst (people and management issues-
trainings)

5. Project Manager
 It is a broad field of information systems development may follow a
variety of paths during their career.

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 Systems Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)
Planning

Implementation Analysis

Design

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 Two important points to understand about
the SDLC
1. General sense of the phases and steps that IS projects move
through and some of the techniques that produce certain
deliverables.

2. SDLC is a process of gradual refinement.

 Each phase refines and elaborates on the work done
previously.

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 The SDLC Process
The process consists of four phases
Each phase consists of a series of steps
Each phase is documented (deliverables)
Phases are executed sequentially,
incrementally, iteratively or in some other
pattern

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 Questions to be Answered
Planning phase
Why should we build this system?
What value does it provide?
How long will it take to build?
Analysis phase
Who will use it?
What should the system do for us?
Where & when will it be used?
Design phase
How should we build it?
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 SDLC: The Planning Phase
1. Project Initiation
 Develop/receive a system request
 Conduct a feasibility analysis

2. Project Management
 Develop the work plan
 Staff the project
 Monitor & control the project

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 SDLC: The Analysis Phase
1. Develop an analysis strategy
 Model the current system
 Formulate the new system
2. Gather the requirements
 Develop a system concept
 Create a business model to represent:
 Business data
 Business processes
3. Develop a system proposal
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 SDLC: The Design Phase
1. Develop a design strategy
2. Design architecture and interfaces
3. Develop databases and file specifications
4. Develop the program design to specify:
 What programs to write
 What each program will do

This collection of deliverables (architecture design, interface

design, database and file specifications, and program design)
is the system specification that is used by the programming
team for implementation. At the end re-examination of
feasibility analysis & another Decision by approval committee
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 SDLC: The Implementation Phase
1. Construct the system
 Build it (write the programming code)
 Test it to ensure that it performs as designed.
2. Install system
Train the users
3. Support the system (maintenance)

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 SDLC: Methodologies
Methodology: a formalized approach to
implementing the SDLC
Categories
Process oriented
Data centered
Object-oriented
Structured
Rapid action development
Agile development
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 Classes of Methodologies
Structured Development
 Waterfall Development
 Parallel Development

Rapid Application Development

 Phased
 Prototyping

Agile Development
 eXtreme Programming
 SCRUM (Scrum is a lightweight framework that helps people, teams and
organizations generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems. )
https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-scrum

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 Waterfall Development
With waterfall development, analysts and users proceed
sequentially from one phase to the next.

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 Parallel Development
• The parallel development methodologies evolved to address the lengthy time frame of
waterfall development.
• Instead of doing the design and implementation in sequence, a general design for the whole
system is performed. Then the project is divided into a series of subprojects that can be
designed and implemented in parallel. Once all subprojects are complete, there is a final
integration of the separate pieces, and the system is delivered.
• Parallel development reduces the time required to deliver a system, so changes in the business
environment are less likely to produce the need for rework.

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 Parallel Development
Problems in Parallel Development
• The approach still suffers from problems caused by voluminous deliverables.
• If the subprojects are not completely independent, design decisions in one subproject may
affect another.
• At the project end, integrating the subprojects may be quite challenging.

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 V-model
• The V-model is another variation of waterfall development that pays more explicit attention to
testing.
• The development process proceeds down the left-hand slope of the V, defining requirements and
designing system components. At the base of the V, the code is written. On the upward-sloping
right side of the model, testing of components, integration testing, and, finally, acceptance
testing are performed.
• A key concept of this model is that as requirements are specified and components designed,
testing for those elements is also defined.

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 Rapid Application Development (RAD)
 RAD incorporates special techniques and computer tools to speed up
the analysis, design, and implementation phases in order to get some
portion of the system developed quickly and into the hands of the users
for evaluation and feedback.

 CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tools, JAD (joint

application development) sessions, fourth-generation/visual
programming languages (e.g., Visual Basic.NET), and code generators
may all play a role in RAD.

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 Iterative Development
• Iterative development breaks the overall project into a series of versions that are developed
sequentially. The most important and fundamental requirements are bundled into the first version
of the system. This version is developed quickly by a mini-waterfall process, and once
implemented, the users can provide valuable feedback to be incorporated into the next version of
the system.

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 System Prototyping
• System prototyping performs the analysis, design, and
implementation phases concurrently in order to quickly develop
a simplified version of the proposed system and give it to the
users for evaluation and feedback.
• The system prototype is a “quick and dirty” version of the
system and provides minimal features.

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 Throwaway Prototyping
• Throwaway prototyping includes the development of prototypes but uses the
prototypes primarily to explore design alternatives rather than as the actual new
system.
• A design prototype is not intended to be a working system. It contains only enough
detail to enable users to understand the issues under consideration.

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 Extreme Programming
• Extreme programming emphasizes customer satisfaction and teamwork.
• Developers communicate with customers and fellow programmers.
• Designs are kept simple and clean.
• Early and frequent testing provides feedback, and developers are able to courageously
respond to changing requirements and technology.
• Project teams are kept small.

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 SCRUM FRAMEWORK

Source:
https://scrumorg-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/drupal/2021-01/Scrumorg-Scru
m-Framework-tabloid.pdf
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 Which Methodology to Use?

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 The Systems Analyst: Skills
Agents of change
 Identify ways to improve the organization
 Motivate & train others

Skills needed:
Technical: must understand the technology
Business: must know the business processes
Analytical: must be able to solve problems
Communications: technical & non-technical audiences
Interpersonal: leadership & management
Ethics: deal fairly and protect confidential information

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 The Systems Analyst: Roles
 Business Analyst
 Focuses on the business issues

 Systems Analyst
 Focuses on the IS issues
 Infrastructure Analyst
 Focuses on the technical issues

 Change Management Analyst

 Focuses on the people and management issues
 Project Manager
 Ensures that the project is completed on time and within budget

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 Object-Oriented
Systems Analysis & Design
 Attempts to balance data and process
 Utilizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the
Unified Process
 Characteristics of OOAD:
 Use-case Driven
 Architecture Centric
 Iterative and Incremental

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 Characteristics of Object-
Oriented Systems
Classes & Objects
Object (instance): instantiation of a class
Attributes: information that describes the class
State: describes its values and relationships at a point in
time

Methods & Messages

Methods: the behavior of a class
Messages: information sent to an object to trigger a
method (procedure call)

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 Characteristics of Object-
Oriented Systems (cont.)
Encapsulation & information hiding
Encapsulation: combination of process & data
Information hiding: functionality is hidden

Inheritance
General classes are created (superclasses)
Subclasses can inherit data and methods from a superclass

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 Characteristics of Object-
Oriented Systems (cont.)
Polymorphism & dynamic binding
 Polymorphism: the same message can have different meanings
 Dynamic binding: type of object is not determined until run-
time
 Contrast with static binding

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 Object-Oriented Systems
Analysis & Design
Use-case driven
 Use-cases define the behavior of a system
 Each use-case focuses on one business process

Architecture centric
 Functional (external) view: focuses on the user’s perspective
 Static (structural) view: focuses on attributes, methods, classes
& relationships
 Dynamic (behavioral) view: focuses on messages between
classes and resulting behaviors

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 Object-Oriented Systems
Analysis & Design (cont.)
Iterative & incremental
 Undergoes continuous testing & refinement
 The analyst understands the system better over time

Benefits of OOSAD
Break a complex system into smaller, more manageable
modules
Work on modules individually

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 The Unified Process
 A specific methodology that maps out when and how to use
the various UML techniques for object-oriented analysis and
design
 A two-dimensional process consisting of phases and
workflows
 Phases are time periods in development
 Workflows are the tasks that occur in each phase
 Activities in both phases & workflows will overlap

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 The Unified Process

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 Unified Process Phases
Inception
Feasibility analyses performed
Workflows vary but focus is on business modeling &
requirements gathering
Elaboration
Heavy focus on analysis & design
Other workflows may be included
Construction: Focus on programming
(implementation)
Transition--Focus on testing & deployment
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 Engineering Workflows
 Business modeling
 Requirements
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Testing
 Deployment

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 Supporting Workflows
 Project management
 Configuration and change management
 Environment
 Operations and support*
 Infrastructure management*

* Part of the enhanced unified process

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 Extensions to the Unified
Process
The Unified Process does not include:
 Staffing
 Budgeting
 Contract management
 Maintenance
 Operations
 Support
 Cross- or inter-project issues

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 Extensions to the Unified
Process (cont.)
Add a Production Phase to address issues after
the product has been deployed
New Workflows:
 Operations & Support
 Infrastructure management
Modifications to existing workflows:
 Test workflow
 Deployment workflow
 Environment workflow
 Project Management workflow
 Configuration & change management workflow

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 Unified Modeling Language
Provides a common vocabulary of object-oriented
terms and diagramming techniques rich enough to
model any systems development project from
analysis through implementation
Version 2.5 has 15 diagrams in 2 major groups:
 Structure diagrams
 Behavior diagrams

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 UML Structure Diagrams
Represent the data and static relationships in an
information system
 Class
 Object
 Package
 Deployment
 Component
 Composite structure

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 UML Behavior Diagrams
Depict the dynamic relationships among the
instances or objects that represent the business
information system
– Activity – Protocol state machine,
– Sequence – Use-case diagrams
– Communication
– Interaction overview
– Timing
– Behavior state machine

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 Summary
• All systems development projects follow essentially the
same process, called the system development life cycle
(SDLC)
• System development methodologies are formalized
approaches to implementing SDLCs
• The systems analyst needs a variety of skills and plays
a number of different roles
• Object-oriented systems differ from traditional systems

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 Summary
Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design
(OOSAD) uses a use-case-driven, architecture-
centric, iterative, and incremental information
systems development approach
The Unified Process is a two-dimensional systems
development process described with a set of phases
and workflows
The Unified Modeling Language, or UML, is a
standard set of diagramming techniques
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