ELECTROSTATICS

ELECTROSTATICS
ELECTROSTATICS
Q.1 Find correct order of potential

V1 > V2 = V4 > V3
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.2 If p = 30 debye, find potential at point (3, 4) m,
y

x
O
 ELECTROSTATICS
y (3 ,4 )

Sol.
5
4

o
=53
x
O
kp cos  9  10 9 10 30 3
Vp    30   10 
r2 25 3 5
27
Vp   10 19 volt or 2.16  10 –20 volt.
125
ELECTROSTATICS
Electric field due to dipole
E Enet
Er
B 

r
P

r

O 
C p A

2kp cos 
 Er  D
r3
kp sin 
 E 
r3
ELECTROSTATICS

Also E p  E2r  E2

2 2
 2kp cos    kp sin  
Ep   3   
 r   r3 
kp kp
Ep  3
4 cos2   sin 2   3
3 cos2   cos2   sin 2 
r r
kp 1
Ep  1  3 cos2   E 
r3 r3
ELECTROSTATICS

kp sin 
E r 3 1
Also tan     tan 
Er 2kp cos  2
r3
1
 tan   tan 
2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Note :
(1) At axial points A & C
(a) at point A   = 0°

Er
O A
 2kp 2kp
ˆ 
E A  3 (r) (pˆ )
3
r r

(b) At point C   = 180°

C O
 2kp 2kp 2kp
E C  3 (r) ˆ  ˆ 
(–r) (pˆ )
3 3
r r r
 2kp
Thus E axial  3 (pˆ )
r
 ELECTROSTATICS
(2) At equatorial points B & D
(a) at point B  = 90°
B
E

kp
Er = 0 ; E  =
r3
 kp kp
E B  3 (ˆ )  3 (pˆ )
r r
ELECTROSTATICS
ELECTROSTATICS
 kp
Thus E equatorial  3 (pˆ )
r
Thus E axial  2E equatorial
 
but E axial  2E equatorial

axial  end on position

equatorial  broad side on position
ELECTROSTATICS
B

C A
r r
r

D
 ELECTROSTATICS
*Force & torque on dipole in electric field
case (i) in uniform electric field
Fnet  0 always i.e. no translatory motion
 May or May not be zero
+q qE

qE qE

E Fnet = 0
2a 
2 asin
qE 
–q
ELECTROSTATICS
 = either force × least distance
 = (qE) (2asin) = q(2a) Esin
 
 angle between p and E
In vector form
   
  P E   axial vector
 ELECTROSTATICS
Case (iii) In non uniform electric field
dU  
 F=  & U = p  E
dr

d    dE
F  (p  E)  F  p 
dr dr
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.1 Electric field is acting in a region parallel to x axis
& is increasing at a rate of 2 V/m2 in x direction.
Find force on dipole of dipole moment p placed
parallel to field.

Sol.
 = 0 (as  = 0°)
dE
F p
dx
F = p(2)  F = 2p Newton
 ELECTROSTATICS
Work done in rotating dipole :
ext 
 pi
pf
2 field
1 
E

  
dW  ext .d
2


W  dW   pE sin d
1
[ external = field]

W1 2  pE[– cos ]2

1

W1 2  pE[cos 1  cos 2 ]

 ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatic potential energy of dipole
Work done in rotating dipole from position 1 = 90° to 2 = gets stored
in form E.P.E. of dipole.

U– 0 = pE[cos90°–cos]
 
 U   pE cos  or U   p.E
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.1 Work done in rotating dipole from field
direction to 60° is W. Then torque required to
hold dipole in this position is :
3
(a) W (b) W
2
(c) 3 W (d) None
 ELECTROSTATICS
Sol. To hold dipole in this position, ext = field

p
W060° = pE[cos0°–cos60°]
ext
 1
W  pE 1  
 2 field
pE = 2W .....(i) 60° 
E
3
ext = field = pEsin60° = 2 W.
2
 ext  3 W
 ELECTROSTATICS
Note :
(1) If a dipole is set free in uniform electric field it aligns itself parallel to the field direction (i.e.  = 0°) so as
to have minimum potential energy & maximum stability.

(2)  =pEsin U= –pEcos Equilibrium Stability

m
(a) 0° 0 –pE(max ) Stable Maxm
p 
E

(b) 90° pE(maxm ) 0 – –

p

E

(c) 180° 0 –pE(max )

m
Unstable Min m

E
p
 ELECTROSTATICS
(3) Net force on dipole placed in non uniform electric field of
point charge can never be zero. However torque may or
may not be zero.

qE2 qE1
p
+Q
–q +q
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q. An electric dipole of dipole moment p & moment of inertia I is
displaced slightly from its equilibrium position & released. Then find
time period of its SHM.
 ELECTROSTATICS
p
Sol.
  field
E
O

  restoring   field
 restoring  pE sin 
  is small  restoring = pEq
Also  = I   I  = pE
 pE 
    
 I 
Company with  = 2
pE 1 pE I
(a)   (b) f  (c) T  2
I 2 I pE
 ELECTROSTATICS
Properties Of Conductor
Properties of Conductor :

(1)
Gaussian
surface

F E = 0 ; V = Constant
 ELECTROSTATICS
(3) If a charge is given to an isolated conductor (i.e. no
other charge present nearby/no electric field is
present), then charge gets uniformly distributed
over the surface of conductor.
 ELECTROSTATICS
 Plate induction problem :
Q.1 Show that charge given to isolated conducting plate distributes
uniformly over its surface.
 ELECTROSTATICS
Sol.  Ep = 0 (inside metal)
+Q
 E1 = E 2
+ +
1 
 2
2 0 2 0 + +
Q –x x
Qx x + +
 
A A
 Q–x = x
+ E2 E1 +
P
xQ/ 2 (1) + + (2)
 ELECTROSTATICS
(4) If charge is given to a non isolated conductor (i.e. in presence of
any other charge/electric field), then charge distributes non-
uniformly, so as to make electric field zero at each point inside
conductor.
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.2 +2C +4C –4 C

Find final charges on each surface of plates.

total charge of all plates

Q extreme faces 
2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Finally
+ 2C +4 C –4C

+1C + 1C –1 C + 5C –5C +1C

 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.3 +2 C –6 C +8C +6 C

Find final charges on each surface.

2 6 8 6
Sol. Q extreme faces   5C
2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Concept of Earthing :
When a conductor is connected to earth, a charge
travels from earth to conductor so as to make its
potential zero. { potential of
+ + +5 C
earth is zero} + +
k(5 ) Vvolt + +
VA  V A + B
R +
+ +
VB = 0 + 0 volt
 ELECTROSTATICS
On closing the switch
+ + +
+ + –5C
+ +
A + B
+ +
+ +

VA = 0 only if charge over sphere becomes zero

 ELECTROSTATICS
Concentric Shell cases
Case-(i) when outer shell is earthed

0
–Q
+Q q(let)
+ +
+ r1 + B
+ +
Sol. + A
+ + +
r2

kQ kq
VB  0    0  q  Q
r2 r2
kQ kQ
So VA = 
r1 r2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Case-(ii) When inner shell is earthed
Q
r1

r2

kq kQ
Sol. VA  0   0
r1 r2
r1
 q  Q
r2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q. A sphere of radius 10 cm is suspended within
a hollow sphere of radius 20 cm. The inner
sphere is now charged to a potential 5 e.s.u.
with the outer sphere earthed. Then charge on
inner sphere is.
(a) 50 e.s.u (b) 100 e.s.u
(c) 150 e.s.u (d) none of these
 ELECTROSTATICS

+Q O
r –Q
Sol.
A
2r

kQ kQ
VA   5
r 2r
kQ
5
2r
1(Q)
5
2  10
Q = 100 e.s.u
 ELECTROSTATICS
Leakage of charge from sharp points of a conductor
A – –
–
B
–
–
here VA = VB
but B > A
& hence EB > EA
  
E  
 E 0 
Thus charge density & hence electric field is larger at
sharp corners as compared to flat surfaces due to their less
radius of curvature.
Q1' Q'2
1  2
&2  2
 ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatic shielding
To protect a sensitive instrument from electrostatic field, it should be placed
(a) inside a cavity formed in conductor.
(b) inside a hollow metallic surface.

E=0

E=0
 ELECTROSTATICS
Motion Of Charged Particle
Motion of charge particle in uniform electric field :
Case-I : When particle is released from rest (i.e., u = 0)
Fe
E
+e

Fe
–
e
Path : Straight line
Motion : Accelerated motion (for both)
 ELECTROSTATICS
eE
a = = constant, hence equations of motion can be applied.
m
Also, Felectron = Fproton = eE
 
but Felectron  Fproton

here a electron  a proton

eE eE
ae = and ap =
me mp

ae mp  mp 
  1837  m e  
ap me  1837 
 ELECTROSTATICS
 
ae = 1837 ap and a e  1837 a p
1 1
Also, S e  a e t and S p  a p t 2
2

2 2
Se a e
  1837 where S distance travelled in time t
Sp ap
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.1 An electron is allowed to fall through some
distance in uniform electric field in time t1,
Now the direction of electric field is reversed
and proton is allowed to fall through same
distance in time t2. Then
(a) t1 > t2 (b) t1 < t2
(c) t1 = t2 (d) can't say
(neglect gravity)
 ELECTROSTATICS
1 1
Sol. S= a e t12 and also S = a p t 22
2 2
t ap 1
 1  
t2 ae 1837
 t1 < t2 or telectron < tproton
 ELECTROSTATICS
 
Case-II : When particle is projected along the field direction (u| | E) :
Fe
+e u accelerated motion

Fe
e– u
retarded motion
Path : Straight line
 
Motion : accelerated for proton and retarded for electron. if u| | E
 ELECTROSTATICS
  eE
Now for u| | E ( = 0°) : a =  constant
m
eEt
For proton : (i) v = u +
m
1  eE  2
(ii) S = ut +   t
2 m 
eEt
For electron: (i) v = u –
m
1  eE  2
(ii) S = ut – t
2  m 
F
u e
E
Motion retarded +e
=1 80 °
F
e

–
Motion accelerated u e
 ELECTROSTATICS
 
Cases-3 : When particle is projected perpendicular to electric field (u  E)

+ + + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + +
+q
m u
O x
y
(t=0) qE (t=t)
vx
x 
y v d
vy

E E

L
 ELECTROSTATICS

Here ux = u ; but ax = 0
qE
uy = 0 ; but ay =
m
(a) Path : Parabolic
(b) Velocity of particle afte time 't'
v x = ux + a x t  v x  u x  u

 qE 
vy = u y  a y t  v y   t
 m 

v  v xˆi  v yˆj

  qE  ˆ
v  u ˆi    tj
m 
Also, v = v2x  v2y
Thus particle's speed continuously increases with time.
 ELECTROSTATICS
(c) Distance travelled in time t
1
sx = uxt + a x t 2  x  ut ……….(1)
2
1 1  qE  2
sy = u y t  a y t2  y    t ……….(2)
2 2 m 
From equation (1) and (2)
 qE  2
y 2  x  equation of trajectory (parabola)
 2mu 
 ELECTROSTATICS
(d) Maximum deviation / deflection :
y deflection / deviation after time t
So ymax = d (maximum deviation / deflection)
ymax = d when x = L
qEL2
So y max d
2mu 2
where L length of plates
1 2 qEL2
Also (KE)i  mu  ymax  d 
2 4 (K.E.)i
 ELECTROSTATICS
Q.6 A particle of mass 1 gm and charge 10 C is projected with
velocity 30 m/s in direction perpendicular to uniform electric
field of 1000 v/m. Find (a) its speed after 4 second
(b) deviation after 4 second :

q u
m
Sol.

y
E E E= 1000 v/ m
 ELECTROSTATICS
 qE 
(a) vx = u = 30 m/s ; v y    t
m 
 10  10 –6  10 3 
vy =    4 vy = 40 m/s
 10 3 
Speed after 4 seconds
v= v2x  v2y  30 2  40 2  50 m / s

(b) Deviation y

1  qE  2 1 2
y=   t   10  4  y  80 m
2 m  2
 ELECTROSTATICS
+ve
Q. 2

1 3

Find nature of charge of particle 1, 2 and 3

Sol. Since E is in downward direction

So 1 –ve ; 2 +ve ; 3 –ve