LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINSTRATION- 6

COMPARATIVE POLICE
SYSTEM
JOHN CARLSBERT C. PULIDO
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

it is the science and art of investigating and

comparing the police system of nations.

It covers the study of police organizations, trainings

and methods of policing of various nations.

It is the Process of outlining the similarities and

differences of one police system to another in order to
discover insights in the field of international policing.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

it is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that

compares justice system worldwide. Such study can
take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It
studies the similarities and differences in structure,
goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as
the history and political stature of different systems.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

It involves the study and description of ones country

law, criminal procedure, or justice . Comparative
criminal justice system attempts to build on the
knowledge of criminal justice in one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another
country, culture or institution.
 TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
It is a term that has been used in comparative and internationals
criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity and
enormity of global issues.

It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception,

proportion and or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.

For examples are:

1. Money Laundering
2. Drug Trafficking
3. Terrorism
4. Human Trafficking
5. Cyber crimes
 INTERNATIONAL CRIME
Defined as crimes against the peace and security of
mankind. The UN has identified the following as international
crimes.

Aggression (by one state against another)

Threat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethic, racial or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug Trafficking
 WHY COMPARE SYSTEM AND ISSUES
IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE?
According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need
to compare but the basic reasons are:

1. To benefit from the experience of others

2. To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and
approaches to problems
3. To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that
plague our world today.
 GLOBALIZATION

Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the police. One
thing is common.
-The police symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in every life;

- they symbolize the capacity of the state to intervene to common concern of

the state for the affairs of the citizenry.

GLOBALIZATION- is a package of transnational flow of people, production ,

investment, information, ideas, and authority.

-it is also the growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication, and

ideas.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN LAW
ENFORCMENT

The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flow of migration

and open markets present new threats, which are not amenable to state-
based human rights regimes, while the new opportunities of global
information and institution are insufficiently accessible and distorted by
persistent state intervention.
 LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GLOBAL
ARENA
How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human
dignity in a global scale?

THREATS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT:

-Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass
killing;

The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanism of law

enforcement and security; Conflict between nations; Transnational criminal
networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT:

1. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them
to the enforcement power of state

2. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational

crimes

3. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational

issues.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO
HUMAN RIGHTS

It finds that states international integration improves security rights, but

increase inequality and threatens the social rights of citizens.

However, neither economic development nor economic growth in and of

themselves improves law enforcement capabilities and human rights
performance.

In addition, to globalization and growth, findings on the effectiveness of

international pressure on state human rights policy suggest that target states
must be structurally accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local
human rights activists for linkage.
 CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN
THE FIELD OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

In the law enforcement and security sphere, states respond with increase
repression to fragmentation, transnationalized civil war, and uncontrolled
global flow such as migrants and drugs trafficking. Transborder ethic
differences help inspire civil conflict, which global arms trades provides its
tool.

Diamonds- Congo, Sierra Leone

Cocaine- Columbia
Somalia-
GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM

The nature of the threat, its target and impact, and the
response all indicate the growing power of globalization as a
perimeter of political action.

It is inspired by a transnational ideology of a radical,

extremist version of Islamic fundamentalism that is largely
reactive to economic and cultural globalization, and thus targets
sites and symbols of cosmopolitanism.
 CONTINENTS-which composed the Global
Community

1. Asia
2. Australia
3. Africa
4. Antarctica
5. North America
6. South America
7. Europe
FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
 1. ANARCHY or ANARCHISM
-without ruler
-may refer to any of the following:

1.No rulership or enforced authority

2. Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or
inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder.
3. A social state in which there is no governing person or group of persons, but
each individual has absolute liberty (without the implication of disorder

4. Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given sphere.

A society free from coercive authority of any kind is the goal of proponents of the
political philosophy of anarchism . Legitimacy of a state is gained through
consent, not through coercion.
-Common sense would allow people to come together to form a functional
society allowing to develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled
behavior.

-With the idea of freedom as being base upon political and economic self-rule.

-This occurred alongside the rise of the nation-state and large-scale industrial
capitalism or state-sponsored corporatism, and the corruption that came with
their success.

-a society without state is a free market capitalist system that is

voluntarist in nature.

-It is an anti- authoritarian society that is based in the spontaneous order

of free individuals in autonomous communities, operating on principles of
mutual aid, voluntary association , and direct action.
 2. ARISTOCRACY

Aristocracy is derived from the Greek Word aristokratia, meaning “the rule of the
best”

It is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged

ruling class.

It is a form of government, in which a select few such as most wise, strong or

contributing citizens rule, often starting as a system of cooperation where a
council of prominent citizens add leading soldiers, merchants, land owners,
priest, or lawyers or their number.

It is a political system controlled by nonelected rules who usually permit some

degree of individual freedom.
Theodore M. Vestal of Oklahoma State University- written that
authoritarianism is characterized by:

1. Highly concentrated and centralized power structure

2. Repressive system that excludes potential challengers
3. Mobilize people around the goals of the government

Under the following principles:

1. Rule of men, not rule of law
2. Rigged election
3. All important political decisions made by unelected officials behind closed doors
4. A bureaucracy operated quite independently of rules, the supervision of elected
officials, or concerns of the constituents they purportedly serve.
5. The informal and unregulated exercise of political power,
No guarantee of civil liberties or tolerance for meaningful opposition

Weakening the Civil Society:

1. No freedom to create a broad range of groups, organization, and political

parties to compete for power or question the decisions of rulers
2. Political stability maintained by controlled over military to provide security to
the system and control of society.
3. A pervasive bureaucracy staffed by the regime.
 3. AUTHORITARIAN

It is characterized as political systems by four qualities:

(1) "limited, not responsible, political pluralism"; that is, constraints on political

institutions and groups (such as legislatures, political parties and interest
groups),
(2) a basis for legitimacy based on emotion, especially the identification of the
regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems"
such as underdevelopment or insurgency;
(3) neither "intensive nor extensive political mobilization" and constraints on the
mass public (such as repressive tactics against opponents and a prohibition of
anti-regime activity) and
(4) "formally ill-defined" executive power, often shifting or vague
Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized power
maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential challengers.
It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the
goals of the regime.

Authoritarianism also tends to embrace the informal and unregulated exercise

of political power, a leadership that is "self-appointed and even if elected
cannot be displaced by citizens' free choice among competitors
Authoritarianism and totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism

Totalitarianism- It is a political system in which the state holds total control over

the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever
possible.
totalitarianism Authoritarianism

Charisma (Charm) High Low

Role conception Leader as function Leader as individual

Ends of power Public Private

Corruption Low High

Official ideology Yes No

Limited pluralism No Yes

Legitimacy Yes No
 4. AUTOCRACY

It is a form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-

appointed rules.

The word autocrat is derived from the Greek word “self-ruler” or he rules by one’s
self. Compare with Oligarchy “rule of the few” and democracy “rule by the
people”.

It is not synonymous to Totalitarianism

It is synonymous with Military Dictatorship
This usage originated in the Byzantine Empire, where the term autokrator was
traditionally employed in Greek to translate the Latin imperator, as was used
along with to mean “Emperor”.

It is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the

hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal
restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for
the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection). An autocracy is
an absolute monarchy or dictatorship.
 5. COMMUNIST STATE

It is a state with a form of government characterized by single-party rule of a

Communist Party and a professed allegiance to a communist ideology as the
guiding principle of the state.

In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis – common,

universal) is a social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose
ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society.

It is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means

of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.
1. Marxism
-first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, has been the foremost
ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the
embodiment of scientific socialism; rather than model an "ideal society" based
on intellectuals' design.

 Communism is the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are

derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design.

An important concept in Marxism is socialization vs. nationalization.

Nationalization is merely state ownership of property, whereas socialization is
actual control and management of property by society.
2. Leninism 
-is the revolutionary theories developed by Vladimir Lenin, including the
organizational principles of democratic centralism, Vanguardism
(Frontline) and the political theory of imperialism.

He promote a Vanguard Party in order to lead the working-class and peasants in

a revolution.

"We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society
there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich
people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour.
Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to
enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people.
This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this
society are called 'socialism'."
3. Marxist- Leninists-
-political ideology developed by Joseph Stalin implemented Socialism in one
country. It is also a socioeconomic refers to the Stalin style of government that
include political tyranny and cult personality.

He was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.
Holding the post of the General secretary of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the
state.

The state and the Communist Party claim to act in accordance with the wishes of
the industrial working class
Changes to Soviet society, 1927–1939

1 Bolstering Soviet secret service and intelligence

2 Cult of personality
3 Purges and deportations
4 Forced labor
5 Collectivization
6 Famines
7 Industrialization
8 Science
9 Social services
10 Culture
11 Religion
12 Theorist
 

Researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's
regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million.

Stalin intended to use the starvation as a cheap and efficient means (as opposed
to deportations and shootings) to kill off those deemed to be
"counterrevolutionaries
4. Maoism
It is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political
leader Mao Zedong.  Its followers, known as Maoists, consider it an anti-
Revisionist form of Marxism-Leninism.

 Mao claimed that instead of the peasants being a revolutionary class, hand in
hand with their industrial working "comrades", they were the revolutionary
class

The state and the party to act in accordance to the peasantry (farmers).
Maoism provided the CPC's first comprehensive theoretical guideline with regards
to how to continue socialist revolution, the creation of a socialist society,
socialist military construction, and highlights various contradictions in society
to be addressed by what is termed "socialist construction".

Advancing a guiding ideology called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics”.

5. Juche-
- a variant of Marxism-Leninism

-usually translated as "self-reliance", sometimes referred to as Kimilsungism,

or Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the official political ideology of North Korea,
described by the regime as Kim Il-Sung's "original, brilliant and revolutionary
contribution to national and international thought".

The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny“  and that the North
Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction”.

- Socialism is our system- the Great Leader Theory

The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has
provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new
age different from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism. On the basis
of Juche (idea), the leader gave a profound explanation of the theories,
strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human
liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of
Kimilsungism is a perfect revolutionary theory of Communism in the era
of Juche.
 KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE
.
.
.
.
THE SYMBOLS OF COMMUNISM

Hammer, Sickle, red star, Red Flag and Face of Che Guevarra

1. The hammer stands for the industrial working-class

2. The sickle represents the agricultural workers; together the hammer and sickle
represent the unity of these two groups

3. The red flag has had multiple meanings in history but it was first used as a flag
of defiance (rebellion).

4. The five-pointed red star is a symbol of communism as well as

broader socialism in general.
5. The face of Che Guevara- is often displayed on shirts or painted on a wall.

His face has been used as a symbol of general revolution, usually as a symbol of
Socialism, and specifically of the government of Fidel Castro and the ideas
of Che Guevara
 6. CONFEDERATION

A confederation (also known as confederacy or league) is a union of political

units for common action in relation to other units.

Usually created by treaty (international agreement) but often later adopting a

common constitution.

The confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues (such
as defense, foreign affairs, or a common currency), with the central
government being required to provide support for all members.
In non- political context, confederation is used to describe type of organization
which consolidates authority from other semi-autonomous bodies.

In the context of the history, a confederacy may refer to a semi-permanent

political and military alliance consisting of multiple nations which maintained
their separate leadership.
 7. CORPORATOCRACY
-or Corporacy

-Is a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations, or

government entities with private components, control the direction and
governance of a country.

-Corporations are primarily fictional entities possessing no real power. In fact, it is

the people behind those corporations that hold the power.
Economist Jeffrey Sachs described the United States as a corporatocracy.

He suggested that it arose from four trends:

1. weak national parties and strong political representation of individual districts,
2. the large U.S. military establishment after World War II,
3. big corporate money financing election campaigns, and 
4. globalization tilting the balance away from workers.
 8. CONSOCIATIONAL STATE
Or Consociationalism
or Power Sharing

It is a state which has major internal divisions along ethnic, religious, or linguistic
lines, with none of the divisions large enough to form a majority group, yet
nonetheless managers to remain stable, due to consultation among the elites
of each of its major social groups.

Corporatism was designed to regulate class conflict, while consociationalism

developed on the basis of reconciling societal fragmentation along ethnic and
religious lines.
The goals of consociationalism are governmental stability, the survival of the
power-sharing arrangements, the survival of democracy, and the avoidance
of violence.

Consociational Policies have these characteristics:

1. Coalition Cabinets- executive power is shared between parties, not

concentrated in one. Balance power between executive and legislative.
Decentralized and federal government, where minorities have considerable
independence.
2. Proportional Representation- to allow minorities to gain representation too.

Organized corporatist groups which represent minorities, which represent

minorities.
A rigid constitution, which prevents government from changing the constitution
without consent of minorities.
Judicial Review, which allow minorities to go to the courts to seek redress against
laws that they see as unjust.
Elements of Direct Democracy, which allow minorities to enact or prevent
legislation.
Proportional employment in the public sector
A neutral head of state

Referendums are only used to allow minorities to block legislation: this means
that they must be a citizen’s initiative and that there is no compulsory voting.
3. Equality between ministers in cabinet-

The prime minister is only the primus inter pares (first among equal)

An independent central bank, where expert and not politicians set out monetary
policies.

In this view, Switzerland is a country with no clear majority group, is a prime

example of such a consensus democracy.
 9. DEMARCHY

Dem being short for demos meaning people, and – archy meaning rule.

It is a hypothetical political system run by randomly selected decision makers who

have been selected by sortition.

Sortition (also known as allotment) is the selection of officers as a random

sample from a larger pool of candidates.
Demarchy attempts to achieve democratic representation without needing
elections- it has been referred to as “democracy without elections”.

It was first proposed by the Australian philosopher John Burnheim, whose

political model removed the need for the state or bureaucracies.

Randomly selected groups, sometimes termed “policy juries”, “citizens juries” or

“consensus conferences” would deliberately make decisions about public
order policies in much the same way that juries reach verdicts on criminal
cases.

According to him, random selection of policymakers would make it easier for

everyday citizens to meaningfully participate and harder for special interest to
corrupts the process.
 10. DIRECT DEMOCRACY

It is classically term Pure Democracy.

The sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to

participate.

This assembly might pass executive motion, make laws, elect and dismiss
officials and conduct trials.
Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing
executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or
dismissing officials and conducting trials.

Two leading forms of direct democracy are:

1. participatory democracy and 
2. deliberative democracy
a. PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY

It sometimes called “direct democracy”

It emphasized the broad participation (decision making) of constituents in the

direction and operation of political systems.

Greek word: Demos and Kratos- which imply that the people are in power and
relies on the participation of its citizens.
 It strives to create opportunities for all members of a political group to
make meaningful contributions to decision-making, and seeks to broaden the
range of people who have access to such opportunities.

Though the limitation of participatory democracy to only be effective in small

groups is also an are of study.

No one has yet discovered how to link such a style to the national decision making
process or how to make this effective on a large scale.
 2. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY

Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in

which deliberation is central to decision-making. It adopts elements of
both consensus decision-making and majority rule.

Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully weighing options, usually prior

to voting.
Deliberation emphasizes the use of logic and reason as opposed to
power-struggle, creativity, or dialog. Group decisions are generally made after
deliberation through a vote or consensus of those involved.
Five characteristics essential for legitimate deliberation:

1. Information: Accurate and relevant data is made available to all participants.

2. Substantive balance: Different positions are compared based on their
supporting evidence.
3. Diversity: All major positions relevant to the matter at hand and held by the
public are considered.
4. Conscientiousness: Participants sincerely weigh all arguments.
5. Equal consideration: Views are weighed based on evidence, not on who is
advocating a particular view.

Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government"

 11. GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY

The decision making authority as practical is shifted to the organizational lowest

geographical level of organization.

The decision making power as possible in the hands of a local chapter instead of
the head office.

The principle is that for democratic power to be best exercised must be vested in
the local community.
 12. ILLEBERAL DEMOCRACY

Is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place, citizens
are cut off from real power due to the lack of civil liberties.

They believe that they have the mandate to act in a way they see fair as long as
they hold regular election.

Lack of liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly make

opposition extremely difficult.
They ruler may centralize power between branches and local government.

Media is often controlled by the state and strongly support the regime. Non-
governamental organization (NGO) may face onerous regulations or simply
prohibited.

The regime may used red tape, economic pressure, or violence against critics.

The method of determining a regime as a illiberal democracy is by determining

whether “it has regular, free, fair, and competitive election to fill the principal
positions of power but it does not qualify as Free in freedom of civil liberties
and political rights”.
 ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY

Known as ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY

Islamic democracy refers to a political ideology that seeks to

apply Islamic principles to public policy within a democratic framework.

Islamic political theory specifies three basic features of an Islamic democracy:

1. leaders must be elected by the people,

2. subject to sharia (Islamic Legal System)
3. committed to practicing "shura", a special form of consultation practiced by
Muhammad, which one can find in various hadiths, with their community
2 KINDS OF DEMOCRATIC STATES that incorporate ISLAM

1. A democratic state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such as

Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria, or Bangladesh. Some religious values are
incorporated into public life but Islam is not the only source of law.

2. A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also called as

Islamist democracy. Islamic democracy offers more comprehensive inclusion of
Islam into the affairs of the state.
 13. LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
- Constitutional Democracy

Liberal democracy is a political ideology and a form of government in

which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism.

Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas

of liberty and equality.

It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple

distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of
government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the
equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political
freedoms for all people.
 To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon
a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of
government and enshrine the social contract and became the predominant
political system in the world in the 20th century.

A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms:

1. It may be a constitutional republic (France, India, the United States) or

2. A constitutional monarchy (Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom)
3. A presidential system (Indonesia, the United States),
4. A semi-presidential system (France, Taiwan)
5. A parliamentary system (India, Italy, the United Kingdom).
 14. MESSIANIC DEMOCRACY

It described as “democracy by force”.

Messianic primarily means "of the Messiah", a religious savior

The term is used to assert that claims of establishing liberty and freedom through
the use of military force are analogous to other overly-zealous doctrines of
salvation by submission to a claimed authority.

The term also implies the hypocrisy of democracy by force doctrines, which
despites assuming the full rhetoric and stature of a self-appointed savior. But
can only loosely or indirectly allude to the principles of messianic guidance
and peace.
The term also implies the hypocrisy of democracy by force doctrines, which
despites assuming the full rhetoric and stature of a self-appointed savior. But
can only loosely or indirectly allude to the principles of messianic guidance and
peace.
15. NON-PARTISAN DEMOCRACY

Also known as No Party Democracy

Is a system of representative government or organization such that universal and

periodic elections takes place without reference to political parties.

Sometimes electioneering and even speaking about candidates may be

discouraged, so as not to prejudice others decisions or create a contentious
atmosphere.
A non-partisan party differs from a single-party

SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM- identifies itself as a party where membership might

provide benefits not available to non-members.

It often requires government officials to be members of the party,

features a complex party hierarchy as a key institution of government, forces
citizens to agree to a partisan ideology, and may enforce its control over the
government by making all other parties illegal.

Members of a non-partisan government may not share any ideologies.

Various communist nations such as China or Cuba are single-party nations

although the members of Parliament re not elected as Party Candidates.
A direct democracy can be considered non-partisan since citizens vote on laws
themselves rather than electing representatives.

In many nations, the head of state is nonpartisan, even if the primer minister and
parliament are chosen in partisan election.

The heads of state are expected to remain neutral with regards to partisan
politics.

An absolute monarchy, such as Saudi Arabia, with no legislative branch, is not

considered partisan, nor non-partisan, nor even democratic.
 17. RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACY

It is a form of government where the values of a particular religion affect laws

and rules. The term applies to all countries in which religion is incorporated
into the form of government.

Democracies are characterized as secular or religious

Major criticism of religious democracy include criticism from the secular and the
legalist points of view:

1. From the secular point of view,

-religion is a hindrance to democracy as it enforces a set of legal and
societal principles. 
Separation of religion and state is required to protect freedom and
ensure equality. As many countries, including the United States incorporate
religion into their legislation, it could be argued as to what constitutes a
secular democracy.

2. From the Legal point of view,

-democracy can never enjoy general acceptance in a religious society.
Anything outside of rigid interpretation of religious texts is rejected and God
rather than the people is sovereign.
18. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

Representative democracy (also indirect democracy or psephocracy)

It is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials

representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

It is an element of both the parliamentary system or presidential system

of government and is typically used in a lower chamber (house) and may be
curtailed by constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber (house).
Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national
legislature. Elected representatives may hold the power to select other
representatives, presidents, or other officers of government or of the
legislature, as the Prime Minister in the latter case.

The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution other measures

to balance representative power
 18. REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY

It is a republic which has democratic forms of government.

One of the key principals is free and open debate prior to casting a vote.

A republic in modern understanding is a nation or state where the people are

sovereign (superior).
It is an emphasis on law and rules of the people through elected representatives.

A republic is a form of government or country in which power resides in elected

individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise
power according to the rule of law.
 19. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

It advocate socialism in the strict sense by achieving class struggle and rejecting
revolution and other traditional teaching of Marxism.

It came to characterized modern social democracy and support for a democratic

welfare state which incorporates both elements of socialism and capitalism.

Social democrats aims to reform capitalism democratically through state

regulation and the creation of programs that works to counteract or remove
the social injustice and inefficiencies they see as inherent in capitalism.
The Socialist International (SI) is the main international origanization of social
democratic and socialism parties and it affirms the following principles:

1. FREEDOM- from discrimination and dependence on either the owners of the

means of production or the holders of abusive political power

2. EQUALITY AND JUSTICE- economic, socio-cultural equality and equal

opportunities for all with physical, mental or social disabilities

3. SOLIDARITY- unity and sense of compassion for the victims of injustice and
inequality.
 20. SOCIOCRACY

It is a system of governance using consent-based decision making among

equivalent individuals and an organizational structure based on cybernetic
principles.

Cybernetics- control of any system using technology

It literally means rule by the “socios” people who have a social relationship with
each other- as opposed to democracy: rule by the “demos”, the general mass
people.

A highly educated public was essential if a country was to be governed effectively,

and he foresaw a time when the emotional and partisan nature of present day
politics would yield to a much more effective, dispassionate and scientifically
based discussion of issues and problems. Democracy would thus eventually
evolve into a more advanced form of government, SOCIOCRACY.
 21. SOVIET DEMOCRACY
-Council Democracy

 It is a form of democracy in which workers councils called “Soviet” or council,

consisting of worker- elected delegates, form organs of power possessing
both legislative and executive power.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

According to Vladimir Lenin and other Marxist theorists, the soviets represent the
democratic will of the working class and are thus the embodiment of
the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Proletariat-  is a term used to describe the class of wage-earners (especially

industrial workers).
The process begins when:

1. the workers of a city elect their local soviet. This body holds both legislative
and executive power for that city.
2. The local soviet choose their delegates for their county soviet.
3. These county soviets in turn elect for their provincial soviet.
4. Lastly, the provincial then choose their delegates for the regional soviet.

Each soviet has legislative-executive power over the territory it govern

 22. TOTALITARIAN DEMOCRACY

It refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives

maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right
to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the
government

It accepts exclusive territorial sovereignty" as its right. It retains full power of

expropriation and full power of imposition, i.e., the right of control over
everything and everyone
It is said to maximize its control over the lives of its citizens, using the dual rationale
of general will (i.e., "public good") and majority rule.

An argument can be made that in some circumstances it is actually

the political, economic, and military élite who interpret the general will to suit
their own interests.

Totalitarianism- It is a political system in which the state holds total control over the

society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever
possible.
 WORLD ECONOMY

It is a vital resource for researchers, analysts and policy-advisors interested in

trade policy and other open economy issues embracing international trade and
the environment, international finance, and trade and development.

The world economy shows that economic development and well being are linked
to freedom and democracy. This correlations is the key that explains our world
society.

Freedom = Knowledge= Technical Progress= Economic development

The following is a list of twenty largest economies by GDP (PPP) at a specific
year according to International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

1. United States 11. Italy

2. China 12. South Korea
3. India 13. Canada
4. Japan 14. Indonesia
5. Germany 15. Spain
6. Russia 16.Turkey
7. Brazil 17. Australia
8. United Kingdom 18. Saudi Arabia
9. France 19. Taiwan
10. Mexico 20. Iran
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum of the entire final production obtained
in a given year by a country and it measures the economic power of a given
country.

According to World Bank, the world economy is divided into the following
income groups:

1. Low Income- $825 or less; or 37%

2. Lower Middle Income- $826 - $3,255; or 38%
3. Upper Middle Income $3,256- $ 10, 065; or 9%
4. High Income $10,0666- more; or 16%
NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACROSS
THE WORLD
Philippines
1. Law Enforcement
2. Prosecution
3. Court
4. Correction
5. Community

United States of America

1. Law Enforcement
2. Court
3. Correction
 GLOBAL SOCIAL CHANGE
CIVILIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

-The process of civilization is shown in a transformation of criminal justice

institutions towards decriminalization, greater tolerance, a reduction of
lengthily periods of imprisonment and an expansion of prison alternatives.

-Process of modernization revolve around the impact of particular

demographic, economic and technological changes that require adaptations
by the criminal justice system.

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION

-The economic changes have created new opportunities, but have also led to
an increase in crime, particularly in matters of drug trafficking and money
laundering.
 COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM
1. INQUISITORIAL
- the prosecution of crimes rest exclusively in the hands of the officers and
agents of the state who conduct investigation under the clock of secrecy and
the use of force, torture, intimidation in procuring confession from the
suspect.

- where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more
secret procedures.

Outside the U.S most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone
knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to
apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an
appropriate sentence for themselves.
2. ADVERSARIAL
- the prosecution are left in the hands of the prosecuting arms of the
government. The suspect is informed of the accusation and is given
opportunity to defend himself.

-where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S adversarial
system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even U.K places as much
emphases upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S
does.

3. MIXED SYSTEM
- combination of inquisitorial and accusatorial
 THEORIES IN COMPARATIVE
POLICING

1. ALERTNES TO CRIME THEORY

- is that as nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened. They
report more crime to police and demand the police to become more effective
in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

-is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY-
- is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more careless
or their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- is based on the event when a greater number of children are being born. As
these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out the of
adolescent identity crisis.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- it holds that process comes along with rising expectations. People at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see
themselves rising fast enough.

6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
-it sees the problem as society becoming too complex or core pattern of
emotion.
7. THOERY OF ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE
- the latter being term referring to social cohesion on values)
- suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of
older norms that once held people together.
 4 KINDS OF SOCIETY IN THE WORLD
1. FOLK- COMMUNAL SOCIETY
- has little codification of law, no specialization among Police, and a system of
punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things
become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.

2. URBAN-COMMERCIAL SOCIETY
-has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized
police force (some for religious offices, others for enforcing the King’s law),
and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh; sometimes lenient.

3. URBAN- INUSTRIAL SOCIETY

- only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited) but laws that prescribed
good behavior, police become specialized in how to handled property crimes,
and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating
insensitive and disincentives.
4. BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY
- has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep
busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.

-developing countries tend to be lumped into the first 1 and 2 types, and the
study of culture becomes more important

-developed countries tend to be the last 3 and 4, and the study of social
structure becomes more important.

Culture- involves the study of customs and folkways of people

Structure- study of institution like economic and political system.
 4 SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1. COMMON LAW
-U.S and U.K
-distinguishes as strong adversarial system.
-involving two opposing side of a lawyer representing the defendant and a
prosecutor representing the people.
- The common law system typically relies on prior court decisions as
precedents to be used in later court cases.

2. CIVIL LAW or CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

- Sweden, Japan, Germany
-distinguishes as strong inquisitorial system.
-typically grant less rights to the accused and that operates on the premise
that pre-trial inquiry and application of written law should guide society’s
quest for justice.
3. ISLAMIC LAW
-known as Muslim or Arabic justice
-Shariah Law
- It is rooted in religious values and derives its premises from Koran.
-Islamic system in general are characterized by the absence of the positive law
and are based more on the concept of natural justice.

4. SOCIALIST SYSTEM
-reflect to a Marxist-Leninist ideology that views the criminal justice system as
a means of training a nations people to fulfill the responsibilities the state has
proclaimed to be ideal.
-it is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the sate
forward toward perfectibility of state and mankind.
-It is also characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make
most of the decision. Neither judges of lawyers are allowed to make law.
INTERIOR MINISTRY
Ministry of Internal Affairs or Ministry of Home Affairs
-is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency
management, national security, supervision of local government, conduct of
elections, public administration and immigration matters.

In some countries, policing and national security belong to a separate

ministry (often titled “ministry of public order”, “ministry of security” etc.) with
the interior ministry being limited to control over local government, public
administration, election, etc.
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT

-responsible for promoting peace and order, ensuring public

safety and strengthening local government capability aimed
towards the effective dealing of basic services to the citizenry.
MODEL POLICE SYSTEM
Model system is used to describe the countries being used as
topic of discussion. These countries are chosen not because they
are greater than other but because they are the focus of
comparison being studied.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
SWITZERLAND
-For many years, travel brochures used to mark
“there is no crime in Switzerland”.

CANTONAL POLICE
-responsible for the law enforcement in 26 Cantons (state) in Switzerland

-French Speaking, German Speaking and Italian Speaking Canton

-Criminologist were puzzled and attributed to either the high rate of firearm
ownership or the extensive welfare system.

When a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work

analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in that
poor person family. Then after some punishment, along term treatment plan is
put into effect to raise that family out of poverty.
1. Gun Politics in Switzerland is liberal because of a long tradition of shooting as
a formative element of national identity and long-standing practice of a
militia organization of the Swiss Army in which soldiers services rifle are
stored privately at home.
.
.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
IRAN
ISLAM
-It is the religion founded by Mohammed in the 7th century at Medina City
in the western part of Saudi Arabia located north of Mecca.

-Qur’an is a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim

of the word God (Allah) and for the vast majority of adherents, by the
teachings and normative example of the sunnah (teaching and sayings) and
hadith( action and habit) of Muhammad.
-Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through Angel Gabriel

- The adherent of Islam is called “Muslim” believes that there is one God and the
purpose of existence is to worship God.

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim

-in short Muhammad, The Prophet or The Messenger.

-the last messenger and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the
right way.
-According to Muslim he was sent to restore Islam which they believe the
original faith of Ibrahim, Musa (Mosses), Isa (Jesus) and other prophets.
DENOMINATION OF ISLAM

.
1. SUNNI- Sunnis- 85 to 90%

-Sunni believes that the first four caliph (successor of Muhammad) rightfully
took his place as the leaders of Muslims and recognized the heirs of the four
caliphs as legitimate religious leaders.

-(Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, & Ali ibn Abi Talib)
- Since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those
leaders were elected and will act according to Quran.

- they called as Ahl as-Sunnah which means people of tradition (of

Muhammad) in which words, action and personal characteristics are
preserved.
2. SHIA (Imamiyyah)- Shia’s/ Shi’a/Shiites - 10-15%

- Believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his
successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams.

-As a result Ali was the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the
previous caliphs.
Ali ibn Abi Talib

-was the cousin and the son-in-law of prophet Muhammad

-was the only person born in the Sacred Sanctuary of the Kaaba in
Mecca as the Holiest place in Islam.
- was the first young male who accepted Islam.
-Twelver, it refers to the 12 Imam divinely ordained leaders and their belief is
that the last and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi (ultimate savior of
human kind) lives but disappear and will reappear as the promised to bring
peace and justice to the world with Jesus Christ.

- In 931, 12 Imam disappeared and the Shiite Muslim suffered loss of divinely
guided political leadership at the time of disappearance not until the
ascendancy of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini did they believe that they had
once again begun to live under the authority of legitimate religious figure
3. Sufism-
-a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it
away from all else but God. Strive to obtain direct experience of God by
making use of intuitive and emotional faculties.

4. Ahmadiyya- India
5. Ibadi- Jordan and Tanzania
6. Mahdavia- India
7. Quaranist- reject the Hadith(action and habit)
8. Yazdanism- or “cult of angel”s- Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria
9. Nation of Islam- “Black Islam” –U.S
10. Five-Percent Nation- NYC
11. Moorish Science Temple of America- U.S
.
.
.
 IRANIAN REVOLUTION
The 1979 Revolution or Islamic Revolution

After a year of demonstration paralyzing the country’s economy, Mohammad

Reza Pahlavi fled the country and Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Tehran and
forming a new government Islamic Republic.
 Causes: Westernization, Discontent of Shah’s Rule, Exile of Ayatollah
Khoomenie, Social Injustice, Imperialism, Religious motives,etc.

Women will cover their hair and men are not allowed to wear shorts.
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Rullah Musavi Khomeini

-known as Ayatollah Khomeini

- Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran
-the Iran’s Supreme Leader as the highest raking
political and religious authority in the nation.
-virtual face of Shia Islam in Western Popular Culture
-he referred the U.S as a “Great Satan”
- he called democracy the equivalent of prostitution
-a champion of Islamic Revival
-participate in U.S embassy hostage taking holding
52 hostages in 444 days in Tehran.

Ayatollah (Sign of Allah)

 IRAN

Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

1. Army (Artesh)
2. Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah)
3. Law Enforcement Force (Police)
 ARMY OF GUARDIANS OF ISLAMIC
REVOLUTION
-Sepah for short
-Revolutionary Guards
or Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Corps (IRGC)

-The regular army defends Iran’s borders and maintains internal order,
The Revolutionary Guard is intended to protect the country’s Islamic System
in preventing foreign interference as well as coups by the military or deviant
movement.

The main role is in National Security and responsible for internal and border
security, law enforcement and Iran’s missile force.
 LAW ENFORCEMENT FORCE OF
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
-Disciplinary Force of Islamic Republic of Iran
-abbreviated as NAJA

-It is under the Ministry of Interior

-with Islamic Ideology

-is the uniformed police force in Iran created in 1992 by merging the following
department:

1. Shahrbani – police inside cities

2.Gendermerie- highway patrol and rural police
3. Committee of Iran- law enforcement force during Islamic Revolution
Police General Staff Sergeant
Police Lieutenant General Sergeant
Police Major General Corporal
Police Brigadier General Lance Corporal
Police Second Brigadier General Senior Policeman
Police Colonel Policeman
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police First Lieutenant
Police Second Lieutenant
Police Third Lieutenant
Command Sergeant Major
Sergeant Major
Sergeant First Class/First Sergeant
.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
SAUDI ARABIA
 POLICE DEPARTMENT
The Police Department of Saudi Ministry of the Interior is divided into three
forces: the regular police, secret police and religious police.

1. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

- the official name of regular police force and handles most day-to-day
police activities. It is highly centralized force and usually headed by a
member of royal family.
2. SECRET POLICE or Mabahith (General Investigation Directorate)
- deals with domestic security and counter-intelligence and it runs also the
Ulaysha Prison where it holds their prisoners for arbitrary detention

-monitors suspected political opponents and others, targets individuals and

interrogates detainees.
3. RELIGIOUS POLICE or MUTAWA or Mutaween
-Mutawa is the
name
used for individual
religious police.

- Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice or (CPVPV) is
the government agency employing religious police and enforcing Sharia Law in Saudi
Arabia.

- known for having full beards and wear headscarves and often coming from Saudi
Arabia’s lower classes.

- consist of volunteers often accompanied by a police escort.

Duties:
1. Ensuring that drugs including alcohol are not being traded
2. Checking that women wear abaya, a traditional all-enveloping black cloack
3. Making sure that men and women who are spotted together in public are
related.
4. Ensuring women do not smoke in public.
5. Preventing the population from engaging in western customs such as
Valentines Day.

- they had the power to arrest unrelated males and females socializing,
engaged in homosexual behavior or prostitution, enforce dress code, and
store closure during prayer time.

- Enforce Muslim dietary laws, prohibited the consumption of pork, seize

consumer product regarding Anti-Islamic shows and film, and preventing the
practice of other religions.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
ISRAEL
 ISRAEL
Known as the “ State of Israel”
- “Jewish State”

Believes in Judaism as the Children of

Israel

According to Jewish Tradition,

Jacob was the Father of the tribes of
Israel.
 .
 JUDAISM
-is the religion, philosophy, culture, and way of
life of the Jewish People with Torah (old testament)
as its foundational text and supplemental oral
tradition repersented by later text such as Midrash
(complilation of homilies) and the Talmud (instructions).

-followers of Judaism is called “Jews”

-founded by Hebrew as the oldest monotheistic
religion.
-Basic Teaching: Ten Commandments

-Jews believed that God hade made a covenant (pact) with the Jews:
-Abraham and his descendants were God’s chosen People
-Hebrew
-the land promised to them was Canaan or present day Israel.
 STATE OF PALESTINE

-It is a de jure sovereign tate in the Middle east recognized 136 UN

members since 2012 claiming West Bank and Gaza Strip with East Jerusalem
as the designated Capital.

-They declared independence on Nov. 15, 1988 by the Palestine

Liberation Organization (PLO), a government-in-exile.

De Jure- is a legitimate government which has no actual control over their

territory.
 ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

-It is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians.

-Referred as the world most intractable conflict .
-Following to the Declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, Arab League
intervene in behalf of the Palestinian Arabs and marching their forces which is
the cause of Arab-Israeli War and a Six-Day War.
 JERUSALEM

-One of the oldest cities in the world.

-Meaning “City of Peace”
-Israelis maintains its primary governmental institutions
-Palestine's ultimately foresees the city as its seat of power.
It is considered as the Holy City of the three Abrahimic Religions:

1. Jews- the holiest city in the world being the former location of the Jewish
Temples on the Temple Mount and the Capital of the Ancient Israeli Kingdom.
2. Christians- It is the site of Jesus crucifixion and the Chruch of Holy Sepulchre
(Resurrection).
3. Islam- Is the site of Mohammads Night Journey to heaven and the al-Aqsa
Mosque.

Other Concerns
-Jerusalem, Holy Sites, Palestinian Refugee, Israel Security Concern, Violence,
Water Resources, etc.

Because of the War: 3 areas captured; Westbank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights.
 WEST BANK

-It is a landlock territory captured, occupied and

powered by Israelis after Six-Day War.
.
 GAZA STRIP
- Simply known as GAZA
.
GOLAN HEIGHTS
-Is simply the Golan or the Syrian Golan
.
 ABRAHAMIC RELIGION
-simply means that all these religions come from one
spiritual source.

The major Abrahamic religion in chronological order:

1. Judaism - late second millennium (BCE)

2. Christianity -first century CE
3. Islam - Islam CE

Judaism- claims descent from Abraham and follow his practices

and ideals as the first of the three spiritual fathers:
Abraham, Jacob and Isaac
Christians- - refers Abraham as the Father in Faith.
Islam- there is a term “Faith of Ibrahim” indicating that
Islam sees itself as having practices tied to the traditions
of Abraham.
ISRAEL POLICE
- “Misheteret Yisra’el”

-is the civilian police force in Israel that operates throughout the Israel and
Area C of the West Bank.

-Responsible for public security, maintaining public order, securing public

events and rallies, dismantling suspicious object and explosives (EOD), riot and
crowd control, law enforcement, crime fighting, detective work, operating the
Civil Guard, handing civilians complaints, handling youth violence, and
educational campaigns.
 CIVIL GUARD

-Known as Mash’az
-is a volunteer organization of Israeli Citizen to do patrol in near border
nieigborhoods which where exposed to Palestenian terror attacks and assist in
daily police work.
-volunteers give more of their time involved in traffic control.
-they receive police training, wear police uniforms and limited police power.
-Minimum requirement is 12 hours per month.
-Most volunteer are armed with M1 Carbine.
-specialized such as bicycle riders, search and rescue teas, drives and translators
 OPERATIONAL UNITS
1. The BORDER POLICE

-MAGAV

-its members called “Magavnikim”

-is the combat arm of the police and mainly

serves in unquiet areas- the borders, the West Bank
and the rural country side.

- is the gendarmerie; has both professional

officers on payroll and conscript of Israel Defense
Force (IDF) as their mandatory three (3) year
mandatory services.
2. YAMAN (Yehidat Mishtara Meyuhedit)

-It is an acronym for Special Police Unit

-It is an Israeli counter-terrorism unit, one of four special unit of the Israel
Border Police.
-for Domestic Counter-terrorism and law enforcement
-Is capable of both hostage-rescue operations and offensive take-over raids
against targets in civilian areas.
- Besides military duties, it also performs SWAT duties and undercover police
works.
3. YASAM (Yehidat Siyur Meyuhedet)

- Is the Israel Police Special Patrol Unit

- a riot police unit dedicated to continuous security, riot and crowd control
and other special operations.
-Officers are often recruited from IDF and Border Police Special Forces
having all served in combat units of one kind or another.
-Officers wear gray trouser and jackets with a black cap embossed with
their unit insignia.
 ISRAELI INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

1. SHABAK (Israel Security Agency)

-the organization responsible for internal security, including the Israeli-
occupied territories.

2. MOSSAD (The Institute)

- “The Institute for Intelligence and for Special Tasks”
- the agency responsible for foreign intelligence

3. AMAN (Directorate of Military Intelligence)

-produces comprehensive national intelligence estimates for the prime
minister and cabinet, daily intelligence reports, risk of war estimates, target
studies on nearby countries, and communications intercepts.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
JAPAN
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
National Public Safety Commission

National Police Agency

Prefectural Police
 NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY
COMMISION

The National Public Safety Commission (Kokka Kōan Iinkai) 

-it is a Japanese Cabinet Office commission

The commission consists of a chairman who holds the rank of Minister of

State and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of
both houses of the Diet ( is Japan's bicameral legislature).

The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but coordinates

with it through the Minister of State.

Cabinet- it is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top

leaders of the executive branch.
 The commission's function is to guarantee the neutrality of the police
system by insulating the force from political pressure and ensuring the
maintenance of democratic methods in police administration.

National Public Safety Commission ensure that Japan's police are an apolitical
body and free of direct central government executive control.

They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and

active press.

It administers and set a policy for the National Police Agency, and has the
authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
 NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

The National Police Agency (Keisatsu-chō) is an agency administered by

the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office in the cabinet of
Japan, and is the central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system.

Unlike comparable bodies, such as the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the

NPA does not have any police officers of its own.

Instead, its role is to determine general standards and policies, although in

national emergencies or large-scale disasters the agency is authorized to take
command of prefectural police forces.
PREFECTURAL POLICE

- Is under the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA.

-The West's use of "prefecture" to label these Japanese regions stems

.
RANKS

Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan): The Chief of National Police

Agency. The rank outside.

Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan): The Chief of Metropolitan Police

Department

Superintendent Supervisor ( Keishi-kan): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy

Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of
Prefectural Police Headquarters, others.

Chief Superintendent ( Keishi-chō): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.

Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei): The Chief of Police Station(large). More than

this rank, all police officer join to National Police Agency.
Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station(small or middle), The Vice
Commanding Officer of Police Station, Commander of Riot Unit.

Police Inspector or Captain ( Keibu): Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of

Riot Company.

Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho):Squad Sub-Commander of Police

Station, Leader of Riot Platoon. National Police Officer 1st class's career start from
this rank.

Police Sergeant ( Junsa-buchō):Field supervisor, Leader of Police box. National Police

Officer 2nd class's career start from this rank.

Senior Police Officer or Corporal ( Junsa-chō): Honorary rank of Police Officer.

Police officer, old Patrolman ( Junsa):Prefectural Police Officer's career start from this

rank.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agencies

at many different levels. Every state has their own nomenclature for agencies,
and their powers, responsibilities and funding varies from state to state.

In accordance with the federal, as opposed to unitary or confederal, structure of

the United States government, the national (federal) government is not
authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United
States of America.

Each of the United States' 50 federated states (referred to simply as 'states' in

the United States despite their lack of full sovereignty) retain their own police,
military and domestic law-making powers.
 The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with
foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states).

For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US

state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no
jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line they violate the
federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which
time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved.
 AMERICA

The Americas, or America, also known as the Western Hemisphere  and the 

New World, comprise the totality of territories in North America and South
America.

The earliest known use of the name America dates to April 25, 1507, where it was
applied to what is now known as South America.

The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent

contact with European ( Old World) powers, which led to the Columbian
exchange.
The Columbian Exchange or Grand Exchange was the widespread transfer of
animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between
the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres .

Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a

byproduct of the Exchange.

European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe,

including large numbers of indentured servants, and forced immigration of
African slaves largely replaced the indigenous peoples
 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

The American Civil War, widely known in the United States as simply

the Civil War 

It is a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union
or independence for the Confederacy.
United States/Union of the North
Confederated States America of the South
SLAVERY
2 MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES
IN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
 1. REPUBLICAN PARTY

The Republican Party, commonly referred to as GOP (Grand Old Party).

Founded by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs (party against

tyranny), and ex-Free Soilers (party against expansion of slavery) in 1854.

The party's platform is generally based on American conservatism.

The Republican Party's conservatism involves support for free market capitalism,

free enterprise, business, a strong national defense, deregulation,
restrictions to labor unions, socially conservative policies and traditional
values, usually with Christian overtones.

The party is generally split on the issue of how to deal with illegal immigration.
 2. DEMOCRATIC PARTY

Tracing its origins back to Thomas Jefferson's and James Madison's the

Democratic Party was founded around 1828, making it the world's oldest
active party.

The party has promoted a center-left, social-liberal platform, supporting social

justice and a mixed economy. The Democrats' philosophy of modern American
liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare
state. 

It pursues a mixed economy by providing government intervention and regulation

in the economy. These interventions, such as the introduction of social
programs, support for labor unions, moves toward universal health care
and equal opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection,
form the core of the party's economic policy.
TYPES OF POLICE

1. FEDERAL POLICE
2. STATE POLICE
3. COUNTY POLICE
 1. FEDERAL

A federation also known as a federal state, is a political entity characterized by

a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal)
government.

Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under United

States Code (U.S.C.) and federal law enforcement agencies are authorized to
enforce various laws at the federal level.

Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and
are endowed with police roles.
 The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law.
All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters
that are explicitly within the power of the federal government

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement

duties at the federal level and it includes the following:

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

2.  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) 
4. United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and
others.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous
federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. 

1. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 

2. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 
3. Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS), 
4. United States Secret Service (USSS), 
5. United States Coast Guard (USCG),
6. Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) 
7. Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to

the United States Department of Defense in the event of war.
At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple
jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved
by mutual aid agreements, for example the United States Federal Protective
Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. Command in such
situations remains a complex and flexible issue.
 FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence

and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the
nation's prime Federal law enforcement organization.

FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to

both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading
U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative
organization, 
 Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA)

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law

enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within
the United States.

Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled
Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

It also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug
investigations abroad.
 United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is the enforcement arm of the U.S

federal Courts and the oldest American federal law enforcement agency

The U.S. Marshals are the primary agency for fugitive operations, responsible for
prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court, and for the effective
operation of the judiciary. The Marshals service runs the Witness Protection
Program, and serves federal arrest warrants.
 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE

The United States Secret Service (USSS) is a federal law enforcement

agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

The U.S. Secret Service has two distinct areas of responsibility:

1. Financial Crimes, covering missions such as prevention and investigation

of counterfeit U.S. currency, U.S. treasury securities, and investigation of
major fraud.
2. Protection, which entails ensuring the safety of current and former national
leaders and their families, such as the President, past Presidents, Vice
Presidents, presidential candidates, visiting heads of state, and foreign
embassies.
 2. STATE

A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent political

entities that shares its sovereignty with the United States federal
government. A.k.a as Commonwealth.
In all of the U.S. states, the chief executive is called the Governor, who serves as
both the ceremonial head of state and administrative head of government.

Due to the shared sovereignty between each U.S. state and the U.S. federal
government, an American is a citizen of both the federal republic and of his or
her state of domicile. 

State citizenship and residency are flexible and no government approval is

required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types
of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who
are sharing custody)
 STATE POLICE

The state police are a police body unique to each U.S. state, having statewide authority
to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations.

In general, they perform functions outside the jurisdiction of the county sheriff such as:

1. enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways

2. overseeing the security of the state capitol complex,
3. protecting the governor,
4. training new officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy
5. providing technological and scientific services.
They support local police and help to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force
activity in serious or complicated cases in those states that grant full police
powers statewide.

A general trend has been to bring all of these agencies under State Department
of Public Safety.

Additionally, they may serve under different state departments such as:

1. The Highway Patrol under the state Department of Transportation and

2. The Marine patrol under the Department of Natural Resources.
Twenty-three U.S. states use the term "State Police" and the other is “Highway
Patrol”.

There are 49 states with State Police with Hawaii being the only state in the
Union with no state police so named.

Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement

divisions, such as capitol police, campus police, state hospitals, Departments
of Correction, water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) game
wardens or conservation officers (who have full police powers and statewide
jurisdiction).
 3. COUNTY

A county is a political and geographic subdivision of a state, usually assigned some

governmental authority. 

The term "county" is used in 48 of the 50 U.S. states.

The exceptions are Louisiana and Alaska, where the functionally equivalent

subdivisions are called, respectively, parishes and boroughs.
 SHERIFF IN THE UNITED STATES

 Sheriff is a county official and is typically the top law enforcement officer of a

county.

The law enforcement agency headed by a sheriff is typically referred to as

a sheriff's office.

The political election of a person to serve as a police leader is an almost uniquely

American tradition. The sheriff are elected to four (4) years term.
 Historically, the sheriff was also commander of the militia in that county.
Distinctive in law enforcement in the United States, sheriffs are usually
elected.

The authority of the sheriff varies from state to state, a sheriff or their
deputies has the power to make arrests within his or her own jurisdiction.
Some states extend this authority to adjacent counties or to the entire state.

It also perform other functions such as traffic control and enforcement, accident
investigations, and maintenance and transportation of prisoners.
Larger departments may perform criminal investigations or engage in other
specialized law enforcement activities.

Some larger sheriff's departments may have aviation (including fixed-wing

aircraft or helicopters), canine units, mounted details, or water patrols at their
disposal.
 SHERIFF CATEGORIES

1. Restricted service — provide basic court related services such as keeping

the county jail, transporting prisoners, providing courthouse security and
other duties with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued
by county and state courts.

The sheriff also often conducts public auction sales of real

property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to
conduct seizures of chattel property to satisfy a judgment.

In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other

officers, such as a marshal or constable.
2. Limited service — along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-
enforcement function such as investigations and patrol.

This may be limited to security police duties on county properties (and

others by contract) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated
areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract. One example is
the San Francisco Sheriff's Department in California, and the New York City
Sheriff's Office in New York.

3. Full service — The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement
functions, including countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of
municipal boundaries.
 SHERIFF

The word "sheriff" is a contraction of the term "shire reeve".

The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible

for keeping the peace (a "reeve") throughout a shire or county on behalf of the
king.

The term was preserved in England

A shire is a traditional term for a division of land, found in the United Kingdom.

A reeve was a senior official with local responsibilities under the Crown e.g. as
the chief magistrate of a town or district.
In principle, a sheriff is a legal official with responsibility for a "shire", i.e. county.

In practice, the specific combination of legal, political and ceremonial duties of a

sheriff varies greatly from country to country.

1. In Scotland -sheriffs are judges.

2. In England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and India
-A sheriff (or High sheriff) is a ceremonial county or city official

3. In the United States of America

- the duties of a sheriff vary across states and counties. A sheriff is generally
an elected county official, and the duties of the sheriff's department
generally include policing rural areas, maintaining county jails, and
serving warrants and court papers.
4. In the Republic of Ireland
-sheriffs are legal officials similar to bailiffs in some counties and in the cities
of Dublin and Cork.

Bailiffs- is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of

authority or jurisdiction is given

5. In Australia and South Africa
- sheriffs are legal officials similar to bailiffs.

6. In Canada
-sheriffs used to be county legal officials. They exist in most provinces. But the one-
to-one linkage between sheriffs and counties is no longer maintained.

The provincial sheriff services generally manage and transport court prisoners, serve
court orders, and in some provinces Sheriffs provide security for the court system,
protect public officials, support investigations by local police services and in Alberta,
Sheriffs carry out traffic enforcement.
 COUNTY POLICE

Depending on the jurisdiction, County police tend to exist only in metropolitan

counties and have countywide jurisdiction.

In some areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles issues such as
service of papers along with security for the local courthouse.

In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law
enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is much
more common than there being a separate county police force.
 3 CATEGORIES OF COUNTY POLICE
1. Full-service police departments, which provide the full spectrum of police
services to the entire county, irrespective of local communities, and may
provide contractual security police services to special districts within the
county.
- Hawaii has only county police; there are no local police.

2. Limited service police departments, which provide services to unincorporated

areas of the county (and may provide services to some incorporated areas by
contract), and usually provide contractual security police services to special
districts within the county.

3. Restricted service police departments, which provide security police duties to

county owned and operated facilities and parks. Some may also perform some
road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and provide support
to municipal police departments in the county.
Restricted service police departments, which provide security police duties to
county owned and operated facilities and parks.

Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained
roads, and provide support to municipal police departments in the county.

.
 ALASKA

The U.S. State of Alaska is divided into 19 organized boroughs and one

"Unorganized Borough“

Some areas in the unorganized borough receive limited public services directly
from the Alaska state government, usually law enforcement from the Alaska
State Troopers and educational funding.
ALASKA STATE TROPER

The Alaska State Troopers, officially the Division of Alaska State

Troopers (AST), is the state police agency of the U.S. state of Alaska.

It is a division of the Alaska Department of Public Safety (DPS). The Alaska State

Troopers are a full-service law enforcement agency and handle both traffic and
criminal law enforcement.

The Alaska State Troopers are also involved in apprehending fugitives as part of

the Alaska Fugitive Task Force, an inter-agency collaborative of Alaska police
departments that cooperates with police agencies throughout the United States
and less commonly with Interpol in apprehending wanted men and women.
Unlike many lower-48 states, Alaska troopers are both state troopers and
game/wildlife enforcement officers.

Because Alaska has no counties, therefore no county police or sheriffs, in its

constitution, the troopers also handle civil papers and mental health custody
orders and serve police throughout mostly all of rural Alaska.

The DPS is headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Governor. This person is

actually a civilian administrator, though historically a career law enforcement
officer and administrator.

The Commissioner, if a sworn officer upon being appointed as such, may be

appointed a "Special Alaska State Trooper" to maintain police powers. The
Alaska State Troopers (AST) and Alaska Wildlife Troopers (AWT) are headed by
ranking officers with the rank of Colonel.
 LOUISIANA

The U.S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes (French: paroisses).

Forty-one parishes are governed by a council called the “Police Jury”.

The other 23 have various other forms of government, including: president-

council, council-manager, parish commission, and consolidated parish/city.
 POLICE JURY

In 1807, the territory reorganized its civil government roughly according

to Catholic parishes in the region.

The Police Jury is the legislative and executive government of the parish, and is
elected by the voters.

Not every parish is governed by a Police Jury, but 41 of the 64 parishes use this
system.
Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a President as their
chairman.

The President presides over the Police Jury and serves as the titular head of the
parish government.
 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of

the U.S. Government, tasked with gathering, processing and analyzing
national security information from around the world, primarily through the use
of human intelligence (HUMINT).

As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC), CIA

reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on
providing intelligence for the President and his Cabinet.
CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas
intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection.

CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT
activities across the entire intelligence community

Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and
oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President
determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action.
 PURPOSE
When the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign
policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect,
analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, and to perform covert
actions.
According to its fiscal 2013 budget, the CIA has five priorities:

1. Counterterrorism, the top priority, given the ongoing Global War on Terror.

2. Nonproliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction,
with North Korea described as perhaps the most difficult target.
3. Warning American leaders of important overseas events,
with Pakistan described as an "intractable target".
4. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and Israel described as
"priority" targets.
5. Cyber intelligence.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
SPECIAL FORCES
UNITED STATES SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND (USSOCOM or SOCOM)
- Is the Unified Combatant Command charged with
overseeing the various Special Operations Component
command of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force
of the United States Armed Forces.

JOINT SPECIAL OPERATION COMMAND

- is a component of SOCOM and is charged to study
special operations requirements and techniques to ensure
interoperatibility and equipment standardization; plan
and conduct special operations exercises and training,
develop joint special operations tactics; and execute
special operations missions worldwide.
 U.S ARMY SPECIAL FORCES
Known as Green Berets with
five primary tasked mission:

1. Unconventional Warfare
- the most important mission
2. Foreign Internal Defense
3. Special Reconnaissance
4. Direct Action
5. Counter-Terrorism

Many of their operational technique

are classified and they are not under the
command authority of the ground
commanders in those countries.
 DELTA FORCE
1st SPECIAL FORCES OPERATIONAL DETACHMENT- DELTA
(1ST SFOD-D)
- Is a U.S Army Unit used for hostage rescue and
counterterrorism, as well as direct action and
reconnaissance against high value target.

The Pentagon tightly controls information

about Delta Force and refuses to comment
Publicly on the highly secretive unit and its
activities. They are granted with an enormous
amount of flexibility and autonomy. They rarely
wear uniform and usually wear civilian clothing
in and off duty. When military uniforms are worm,
they lack of markings, surnames, or branch names.
Civilian hairstyles and facial hair are allowed to
avoid recognition.
 SEAL TEAM SIX
UNITED STATES NAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE
DEVELOPMENT GROUP (NSWDG)
or DEVGRU

-devoted to maritime counter-terrorism unit with

a worldwide maritime responsibility; its objectives
typically included targets such as ships, oil rigs,
naval bases, coastal embassies and other civilian
or military bases that were accessible from the sea or inland
waterways.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN
LONDON
 SCOTLAND YARD
Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is a metonym for the headquarters
of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police force responsible for
policing most of London.

The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police
headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, which had a rear entrance on a street
called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance became the public
entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan
Police became synonymous.
METROPOLITAN POLICE SERVICE
The Metropolitan Police Service (abbreviated to MPS and widely known
informally as "the Met")

It is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater

London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the
responsibility of the City of London Police. The Met also has significant national
responsibilities, such as coordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters
and protection of the British Royal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's
Government.
 CITY OF LONDON POLICE

The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for law

enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner
Temples.

The force responsible for law enforcement within the remainder of Greater
London, outside of the City, is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate
organization.
The City of London, which is now primarily a financial business district with a
small resident population but a large commuting workforce, is the historic core
of London, and has an administrative history distinct from that of the rest of the
metropolis, of which its separate police force is one manifestation.

The police authority is the Common Council of the City, and unlike other

territorial forces in England and Wales there is no commissioner replacing that
police authority by way of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011,
but like the commissioner, the Common Council is elected, thus achieving the
same aim of democratic accountability.
.
POLICE GLOBAL ORGANIZATION

ASEAN Chiefs of Police

EUROPOL
IACP
Interpol
U.N Policing
 ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Member Countries of ASEAN CP?

- Indonesia -Singapore -Vietnam -Cambodia

-Malaysia -Thailand -Lao DPR
-Philippines -Brunei Darussalam -Myanmar
 Objectives of ASEANPOL?

1. Enhancing police professionalism

2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work
3. Promoting lasting friendship amongst the police officer of ASEAN Countries.
 EUROPOL

Europol’s aim is to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between

the competent authorities of the member states primarily by sharing and
pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized
crime. Its mission is to make significant contribution to the European Union’s
law enforcement efforts targeting organized crime.

Mission:

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the

European Union’s Law enforcement action against organized crime and
terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.
How does EUROPOL assist Member States Investigation?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the Member States by:

1. Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol

Liaison Officers (ELO’s).
-These ELO’s are seconded to Europol by the Member States as
representatives of their national Law Enforcement agencies, thus they are
not under the command of Europol and its Director. Furthermore, they act in
accordance with their national law.

2. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States operations;

3. Providing expertise and technical support for investigation and operations

carried out within the EU, under the supervision and the legal
responsibility of the Member States;
4. Generating strategic Reports and crime analysis on the basis of
information and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from
other sources.

WHAT IS EUROPOL mandate?

1. Illicit drug trafficking

2. Illicit immigration networks
3. Terrorism
4. Forgery of money
5. Human Trafficking including child pornography
6. Illicit vehicle trafficking
7. Money laundering
Does EUROPOL only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the
28 November 2002 amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to
request the competent authorities of the Member States to investigate.

Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that

“Member States should deal with any request from Europol to initiate,
conduct or co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such
request due consideration. Europol should be informed whether the
requested investigation will be initiated”.
What is the added value of having Europol as a European Law Enforcement
Agency?

There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement

community. Europol is unique in this field as it is a multi-disciplinary agency,
comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the various
law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialized
areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border and
financial police.
 IACP
International Association of Chiefs of Police

It is the worlds oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of

police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries.
IACP’S leadership consist of the operating chief executives of international,
federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

Mission:

1. Advance professional police services

2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices;
foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among
police leaders and police organizations of recognized professional and
technical standing throughout the world.
 INTERPOL

The International Criminal Police Organization (French: Organisation

internationale de police criminelle, OIPC - ICPO), or INTERPOL

It is an intergovernmental organization facilitating international police

cooperation.

It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in

1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.

Interpol's current President is former Deputy Central Director of the French

Judicial Police Mireille Ballestrazzi
Interpol has an annual budget of around €78 million, most of which is provided
through annual contributions by its membership of 190 countries (as of 2015).

The organization's headquarters is in Lyon, France. It is the second largest

political organization after the United Nations in terms of international
representation.
To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it, at least in
theory, from undertaking interventions or activities of a political, military,
religious, or racial nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.

Its work focuses primarily on public safety and battling terrorism, crimes against

humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes,  organized
crime, piracy, illicit traffic in works of art, illicit drug production, drug
trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking, money laundering, child
pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual property
crime and corruption.
The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.

Article 2 states that its role is:

1. To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all
criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

2. To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the

prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.

Article 3 states:

1. It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or

activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.
Interpol is not a supranational law enforcement agency and has no agents who
are able to make arrests.

Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of criminal

law enforcement agencies from different countries.

The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law

enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications
and database assistance, assisted via the central headquarters in Lyon, France.
 INTERPOL 6 PRIORITY AREAS
1. Public Safety and terrorism

2. Criminal Organization

3. Drug related Crime

4. Financial and High Tech Crimes

5. Trafficking in human beings, anti-corruption

6. Fugitive Investigation support.

 REGIONAL BUREAUS

1. Abidjan, Africa
2. Buenos Aires, Argentina
3. Harare, Zimbabwe
4. Nairobi, Kenya
5. San Salvador, El Salvador
6. Liaison Office, Bangkok, Thailand
 INTERNATIONA NOTICES
RED NOTICE
-Seek to arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition

YELLOW NOTICE
-To help locate missing person, often minors,

BLUE NOTICE
-to collect additional information about persons identity or activities in relation
to a crime.

BLACK NOTICE
-to seek information on unidentified bodies

GREEN NOTICE
-to provide warning and criminal intelligence about person who have committed
criminal offences are likely to repeat crimes in other countries.
ORANGE NOTICE
- To warn police, public entities and other international organizations about
potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous
materials.

PURPLE NOTICE

-to provide information on modus operandi, procedures, objects, devices and

hiding places used by criminals.
ARMED FORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES

SPECIAL FORCES IN THE

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
PHILIPPINE ARMY
SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND
The Special Operations Command (SOCOM) of the Philippine Army is the
Command that is responsible for planning conducting and supporting special
operations for the Philippine Army.

Currently, units under SOCOM are the:

1.  Special Forces Regiment (Airborne);

2. Scout Ranger Regiment; and the
3. Light Reaction Regiment.

The mission of SOCOM IS TO PLAN, CONDUCT AND SUPPORT SPECIAL

OPERATIONS IN ALL OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS in support of the
Philippine Army's mission
 1. SPECIAL FORCE REGIMENT
(AIRBORNE)
The Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) is an elite Philippine Army unit
established in the 1960s by then Cpt Fidel V Ramos (INF) PA (first Commanding
officer of the Special Forces),

The mission of this regiment is to organize, train, equip and provide rapidly
deployable forces and conduct unconventional warfare in all types of
operational environment in support of SOCOM's mission.
Like the Scout Rangers, members of the Special Forces Regiment of the Philippine
Army are also highly trained in the art of counter-insurgency operations.

Upon assignment to the Special Forces, soldiers are made to undergo the Basic
Airborne Course.

They, later-on, undergo the Special Forces Operations Course - an eight-month

course that equips each SF soldier in the basics of Special Forces and
Unconventional Warfare Operations.
The Special Forces specializes on the following: unconventional warfare, direct
action; special reconnaissance; psychological warfare and mass base
operations.

Each member of the SF Regiment may opt to undergo specialty courses as well
after finishing the Special Forces basic course.

These include, but is not limited to, undergoing further training in demolitions
and bomb disposal (EOD), psychological warfare operations (PSYOPS),
riverine operations, combat diving, as well as VIP security training in
preparation for a re-assignment with the Presidential Security Group
Shoulder sleeve insignia Special forces Qualification Badge

AFP Parachutist Badge Reverine Badge used in reverine operation

(Military Operation in the river)

Yellow-gold has always been representative of the Special Forces. With their skill
in Unconventional Warfare Operations, the SF has always excelled in the
accomplishment of their tasks.
 UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of conventional
warfare. Whereas conventional warfare is used to reduce the
opponent's military capability, unconventional warfare is an attempt to
achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine
support for one side of an existing conflict.

Unconventional warfare targets civilian population psychologically to win hearts

and minds, and only targets military and political bodies directly, seeking to
render the military proficiency of the enemy irrelevant
 2. SCOUT RANGER REGIMENT
The Scout Rangers, known officially as the First Scout Ranger Regiment

-It is specializes in anti-guerrilla warfare. The regiment has been boasted as one of
the world's best anti-guerrilla fighters.

Originally the term "regiment" simply denoted a large body of men under a single
leader.

Black has always represented the Scout Ranger and is exemplified in their battlecry:
Life for the Rangers, Death to the enemy.
.
The Scout Ranger Qualification Badge also known as the "Tabak Badge" is
awarded by the Regimental Commander, First Scout Ranger Regiment to
members of the Philippine Military and National Police Force after the
successful completion of the requirements set forth by the Scout Ranger
Training School for passing the 6 months Scout Ranger Course.

Participants must survive and pass a 6 month rigorous training course at the
Scout Ranger Training School at Camp Tecson, San Miguel, Bulacan or any
former camps handled by the Scout Ranger Regiment. Culminating the
training course is a difficult, and most of the time deadly, test mission in
actual combat zone designated by the regimental staff.
 3. LIGHT REACTION REGIMENT
The Light Reaction Regiment is the lead counter-terrorist unit of the Philippine
Army. It was formerly known as the Light Reaction Battalion and Light
Reaction Company.

It is a Counter-terrorist troopers trained in special combat skills utilizing modern

small-arms weapon systems.
LRR troops are skillfully trained on the following core capabilities:

Surgical close quarter battles and vertical insertion, hostage rescue and
personnel recovery, elimination or capture of notorious terrorists, and target
interdiction
PHILIPPINE NAVY
 1. PHILIPPINE FLEET
.,
 2. PHILIPPINE MARINE CORPS
Marines, also known as a marine corps or naval infantry, are an infantry force
that specializes in the support of naval and army operations on land and at
sea, as well as the execution of their own.

Philippine Marine Corps is in charge of manning naval garrisons and conducts

amphibious operation to support its mother branch, the Philippine Navy.

Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation that uses naval

ships to project ground and air power onto a hostile or potentially hostile
shore at a designated landing beach.
In the majority of countries, the marine force is part of the navy, but it can also be
under the army like the Troupes de marine (French Marines) and Givati
Brigade (Israeli Marines), or form an independent armed service branch like
the United States Marine Corps and Royal Marines.
 a. FORCE RECON BATTALION
The Philippine Marine Corps Force Recon Battalion (Marine Corps Recon) is the
Philippine Marine Corps' elite ground forces unit for unconventional
warfare and special operations.

It specializes in sea, air and land operations, like its counterpart in the Naval
Special Warfare Group of the Philippine Navy, ranging from reconnaissance,
close combat, demolition, intelligence and underwater operations in support
to the overall naval operations
 NAVAL SPECIAL OPERATION GROUP
The Naval Special Operations Group (NAVSOG) (also referred as the Philippine
Navy SEALs) is the smallest elite unit of the Philippine Navy trained in special
operations, sabotage, psychological and unconventional warfare which is
heavily influenced by the United States Navy SEALs.

It specializes in Sea, Air, Land (SEAL) operations ranging from reconnaissance,

close combat, demolition, intelligence and underwater operations in support
of overall naval operations
The NAVSOG training program is known as Basic Naval Special Operations
Course (BNSOC). The program is physically and mentally demanding and is
regarded as one of the toughest military selection programs in the entire
Philippine military.

Candidates have to swim two miles and run 10 kilometers everyday.

Furthermore, they must swim 27 kilometers from Roxas Boulevard in Manila
to Naval Station Sangley Point without any rest.
They also undergo "Hell Week," which is the most demanding weeks of NAVSOG
training. Candidates have to carry out demanding physical team events with
their boat crews with as little as a couple of hours sleep for the entire week. In
one BNSOC class, only 21 students remained from 79 applicants who
originally started the NAVSOG training program
PHILIPPINE AIRFORCE
710th SPECIAL OPERATION WING
The 710th Special Operations Wing (SPOW) is the rapid deployment force of
the Philippine Air Force (PAF), which is divided into ten-man airborne attack
teams as most of its members are airborne qualified.

The wing also controls the 772nd Explosives Ordnance Disposal Squadron and the
773rd K-9 Squadron
The mission of the 710th Special Operations Wing include the following:

1. Conduct contingency operations against hostile elements and civilian mass

actions.
2. Co-ordination of air strikes
3. Explosive Ordnance Disposal operations; K-9 and handler training on explosives
and bomb detection
4. Civil disturbance control
5. Honor/ceremonial functions of the Philippine Air Force.
The unit serves as the Air Force’s Workhorse in dealing with Special Operations
and supports the AFP’s thrust for intensified Internal Security Operations
(ISO).
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE
 SPECIAL ACTION FORCE

The Special Action Force is the National Mobile Unit of the Philippine National

Police founded by Fidel V. Ramos.

It is formed along the lines of the British Army (SAS) Special Air Service, but with
different recruitment and selection procedures.

The SAF, over the years, has received training from the FBI's Hostage Rescue
Team (HRT) and Critical Incident Response Group, RAID and YAMAM.
RAID (Research, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence)- a special
operations tactical unit of the French National Police with more manpower and
equipment.

The YAMAM (an acronym for Special Police Unit Yeḥida Mishtartit Meyuḥedet)) is

an Israeli counter-terrorism unit.
The Anti-Terrorist Unit (ATU) of the PNP-SAF is responsible for nationwide
Police Counter-terrorism (CT) operations nationwide.

Members or Police trainees who undergo SAF training undergo several special
military combat related training such as Basic Airborne Course training, Urban
Counter Revolutionary Warfare (SURESHOCK), SCUBA-BUSROC (Basic Under-
Water Search and Rescue Operations Course) and Internal Security
(COMMANDO course)
 FUNCTIONS
As designated by the Philippine National Police, the missions of the Special
Action Force are the following:

1. To develop, organize and train organic personnel in the furtherance of the

assigned mission.
2. To conduct Counter-Terrorist operation in urban and rural areas.
3. To conduct commando type unconventional warfare (CUW) against lawless
elements over extended periods of time with minimal direction and control.
4. To conduct search and rescue operations anywhere in the country during
calamities and catastrophes.
5. To conduct civil disturbance management (CDM) operations and address the
requirements of stability and security operations in times of civil disobedience
on a national scale.
INTERNATIONAL , CONTINENTAL AND NATIONAL TERRORISM

TERRORISM
 AL-QAEDA

Al-Qæda "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively

spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida)

It is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, 

It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and

an Islamist, extremist, wahhabi (conservative) jihadist group.
Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacks and the
simultaneous bombing of different targets

Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences

in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new worldwide Islamic caliphate.

Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries,
including the1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, and
the 2002 Bali bombings.

The U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the

"War on Terror”.
Al-Qaeda has the following direct affiliates:
1. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2. Al-Qaeda in Somalia
3. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
4. Al-Qaeda in Syria
5. Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent

Al-Qaeda's indirect affiliates includes the following, many of which have left
the organization and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:
1. Abdullah Azzam Brigades
2. Al-Mulathameen Brigade
3. Al-Mourabitoun
4. Ansar Dine
5. Abu Sayyaf (pledged allegiance to ISIL)
6. Ansar al-Islam (merged with ISIL on 29 August 2014)
7. East Turkestan Islamic Movement
8. Caucasus Emirate
9. Fatah al-Islam
10. Islamic Jihad Union
11. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
12. Jaish-e-Mohammed
13. Jemaah Islamiyah
14. Lashkar-e-Taiba
15. Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
16. Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
17.Rajah Sulaiman movement
18. Al-Qaeda Kurdish Battalions
Financing

Some financing for al-Qaeda in the 1990s came from the personal wealth of
Osama bin Laden. By 2001 Afghanistan had become politically complex and
mired. With many financial sources for al-Qaeda, bin Laden's financing role
may have become comparatively minor.

Sources in 2001 could also have included Jamaa Al-Islamiyya and Islamic Jihad,

both associated with Afghan-based Egyptians.

 Other sources of income in 2001 included the heroin trade and donations from

supporters in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic countries. 

A WikiLeaks released memo from the United States Secretary of State sent in

2009 asserted that the primary source of funding of Sunni terrorist groups
worldwide was Saudi Arabia.
AROUND THE WORLD

.
 OSAMA BIN LADEN

Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden  usāmah bin muḥammad bin 'awaḍ
bin lādin;

He was the founder of al-Qaeda, the organization that claimed responsibility for
the September 11 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other
mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. 

He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy bin Laden family, and an

ethnic Yemeni Kindite.
He studied at university in the country until 1979, when he
joined mujahideen forces in Pakistan fighting against the Soviet Union in
Afghanistan he helped to fund the mujahideen by funneling arms, money and
fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, and gained popularity among
many Arabs.

In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda, He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and
shifted his base to Sudan, until U.S. pressure forced him to leave Sudan in
1996.

After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United
States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks.

A major component of bin Laden's ideology was the concept that civilians from
enemy countries, including women and children, were legitimate targets for
jihadists to kill.
 BIN LADEN FAMILY

The bin Laden family also spelled bin Ladin, is a wealthy family intimately connected with
the innermost circles of the Saudi royal family.

The family was thrown into the media spotlight through the activities of one of its
members, Osama bin Laden, the former head of Al Qaeda, the terrorist group
responsible for the September 11, 2001 terror attacks on US government and
commercial buildings.

The financial interests of the bin Laden family are represented by the Saudi Binladin Group,
a global oil and equity management conglomerate grossing US$2 billion annually, and
the largest construction firm in the world, with offices in London, Dubai, and Geneva.
 JEMAAH ISLAMIAH

Jemaah Islamiah meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI),

It is a Southeast Asian militant Islamist terrorist group dedicated to the

establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast
Asia.

 On 25 October 2002, immediately following the JI perpetrated Bali

bombing, JI was added to the UN Security Council Resolution 1267 as a terrorist
group linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban.
It is a transnational organization with cells in Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and
the Philippines. 

JI was formally founded on 1 January 1993, by JI leaders, Abu Bakar

Bashir and Abdullah Sungkar.

In addition to al-Qaeda the group is also thought to have links to the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front and Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, a splinter cell of the JI which
was formed by Abu Bakar Baasyir on 27 July 2008.
 ABU SAYYAF

It is a militant Islamist group based in and around Jolo and Basilan islands in the

southwestern part of the Philippines. 

The name of the group is derived from the Arabic, abu ("father of") and sayyaf
("swordsmith") meaning “father of swordsmith”

The group was founded by Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, and led after his death
in 1998 by his younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani who was killed in 2007.
Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, the older brother of Khadaffy Janjalani had been a
teacher from Basilan, who later studied Islamic theology and Arabic in
Libya, Syria and Saudi Arabia during the 1980s. Abdurajik then went to
Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union and the Afghan government
during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. During that period, he is
alleged to have met Osama Bin Laden and been given $6 million to establish a
more Islamic group with the M.N.L.F. in the southern Philippines, made up of
members of the extant M.N.L.F

On July 23, 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon swore an oath of

loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL.
 RAJAH SULAIMAN MOVEMENT

The Rajah Sulaiman Movement is an organization in the Philippines, founded

by Ahmed Santos in 1991.

 Its membership consists of Filipino Christians who have converted to Islam and

it is now one of the major conflicts in the Philippines.

The group is named after Rajah Sulaiman III, a 16th-century Muslim chieftain

of Manila who fought the Spaniards during the colonization of the
Philippines.

Similar to the Abu Sayyaf, the members belonging to this group claim they want
to re-establish the Islamic government and its religion in the Philippines
INSURGENCY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 JABIDAH MASSACRE
-or Corregidor Massacre

-Is the massacre of 60 Filipino Muslim Commando on a planned operation to

reclaim the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah.

The Philippine Government protested to the U.N about the integration of Sabah
into Malaysian Federation, since it is under by the Sultunate of Sulu and it is
not sold to foreign interest.

It is only leased “padjak” and therefore remained the property of Sultan and by
Extension, the property of the Republic of the Philippines.

Efforts of the Philippine administration is useless, in 1962 Pres. Diosdado

Macapagal renewed his claim as a follow up and created the OPERATION
MERDEKA.
OPERATION MERDEKA
-a plan to trained commandos to infiltrate Sabah and Destabilize the state
by sabotage which would then legitimize the Philippines Military intervention
in the territory and claiming the state which many Filipinos felt was rightfully
theirs.

In 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos secretly authorized Major Eduardo

Martelino, a Muslim convert to take charge the operations of a secret
commando unit code name “Jabidah” and embark an on operation called
“Project Merdeka” means freedom.

-180 Tausog trained for 2 years for guerilla and jungle warfare believing that they
will fight communist in the country.

-In the first phase of operation, 17 agents entered Sabah and conduct
reconnaissance and psychological warfare.
The Second Phase, one of the two batches of the commandos denied orders of
the Operations because they felt that it is unjustified since their relatives are
residing at Sabah. The AFP pretending them to sent home is disarmed them
before going home, however, upon the last man is about to return his firearm
into the arsenal and gathered into the group. The ARMY shoot them o ensure
the information will not leaked.

-A Lone survival is Jibin Arula, managed to escape with a single gunshot would to
his leg.

-The Muslim Independent Movement (MIM) was created by Former Cotabato

Governmor Datu Udtog Matalam with the Educated Muslim Youth and
Politicians to protest the massacre.

-it is not a longlasting and splinter the group into different organizations.
 MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION
FRONT (MNLF)

The Moro National Liberation Front or Mindanao National Liberation

Front (MNLF) is a secessionist political organization in the Philippines that
was founded by Prof. Dr. Nur Misuari in 1969. 

The MNLF struggled against the Philippine Government (GPH) to achieve

independence of the Bangsamoro Land (or Bangsamoro Nation, or Mindanao
Nation).

Secessionist- withdrawal group from large entity.

The MNLF-GPH Peace Process is ongoing since the 1976 and both parties are working
together to negotiate the terms and conditions of the legal framework and
implementation of genuine autonomy as a peaceful path towards independence.

As defined by the MNLF, the territory of Bangsamoro Land covers

Sulu, Mindanao, Palawan, and Sabah.

According to the MNLF site, "The major opponents of the MNLF are the Government
of the Philippines (GPH) and Government of Malaysia (GMY).

The territories claimed by the MNLF are Mindanao, Palawan, and Sabah (Sabah as
part of Sulu).
The MNLF ideology is called egalitarianism which affirms, promotes, or
characterizes a principled belief in the equality of all people in the political,
economic, social, and civil rights aspects regardless of differences in religion,
race, ethnic origin, age, and gender.“

Contrary to the notion that MNLF is an Islamic Organization, the MNLF claims
to be composed of Muslims, Christians, tribal Lumads, and any other
religions who respect each other under the harmony of religious tolerance.
 SPLITS

OF
THE
MORO
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (MNLF)
 1. MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION
FRONT (MILF)

The first separatist of the MNLF was the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in
1976 which was led by Hashim Salamat.

The MILF separated from MNLF for two reasons:

1. MILF believes that the Bangsamoro Land should be an Independent Islamic

State, and
2. the Bangsamoro freedom fighters should not negotiate with the Government
of the Republic of the Philippines. The first and original name of MILF was
"New MNLF".
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF; Jabhat Tahrīr Moro al-ʿIslāmiyyah)

It is a rebel group in Mindanao, Philippines seeking autonomy of the Moro

people from the central government.

The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao, the Sulu

Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan, and other neighbouring islands leading to the
formation of a breakaway group in 1977 by Hashim Salamat and 57 MNLF
officers.
The group was initially known as "The New Leadership". Misuari expelled
Salamat in December 1977, after which Salamat moved his new organization
first to Cairo, Egypt and then, in 1980, to Lahore, Pakistan, where it engaged
in diplomatic activities.

This organization was formally established in 1984 as the Moro Islamic

Liberation Front.

Muammar Gaddafi became a longstanding supporter of the MILF after its

emergence.
2. ABUSAYYAF

.
 SPLITS

OF THE

MORO
ISLAMIC LIBERATION FRONT
 BANGSAMORO ISLAMIC FREEDOM
FIGHTERS

The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF), also known as

the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement

It is an Islamist militant organization based in Mindanao, the Philippines.

They are a smaller player in the overall Moro insurgency in the Philippines and

are mostly active in Maguindanao and other places in central Mindanao. It is a
breakaway group from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front founded by Ameril
Umbra Kato.
-Kato wanted full independence and disagreed with the MILF's acceptance of
autonomy.
-Kato broke with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in 2008.

-In 2008, after the Philippine Supreme Court nullified the Memorandum of

Agreement on Ancestral Domain signed by the Philippine government and the
MILF, Kato led a contingent of MILF fighters in an attack against civilians. 

-In December 2010, Kato formed the BIFF. He claimed to have 5,000 fighters but
the government said that he had 300. It wasn't until August 2011 that the MILF
recognized the break and declared the BIFF a "lost command".
COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 Communist Party of the Philippines

New Peoples Army

Bayan Muna Gabriela

 NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY (NPA)

The New People's Army (NPA) (Bagong Hukbong Bayan) is the armed wing of

the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).

It was formed and founded by Bernabe Buscayno A.K.A. "Commander Dante" on

March 29, 1969.

The Maoist NPA conducts its armed guerrilla struggle based on the strategical line

of protracted "people's war".
At age 21, Kumander Dante was a full-time revolutionary. At age 23, he became
district commander in the outfit of Faustino del Mundo, also called "Kumander
Sumulong", where he became education chairman.

Eventually dissatisfied with Sumulong's outfit,  Kumander Dante took some

fighters and joined forces with Jose Maria Sison, who had founded
the Communist Party of the Philippines on December 26, 1968.

Buscayno's group officially became the New People's Army (NPA) on March 29,

1969.
From a group composed of about 35 members with only 10 rifles between them,
the NPA grew up to about 26,000 members in its peak in the 1980s and spread
throughout the Philippines

The NPA collects "revolutionary taxes" in areas where it operates mostly from
businesses.The Communist Party of the Philippines refers to the NPA as "the
tax enforcement agency of the people's revolutionary government“.

The NPA is designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. State

Department  and as a terrorist group by the EU Common Foreign and Security
Policy.
 NATIONAL DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT
-or National Democratic or ND Movement

-is a broad-based alliance of left-leaning progressive individuals and

organizations seeking comprehensive social, economic and political justice in
the Philippines composed of landless peasants, urban and rural poor,
indigenous peoples, oppressed religious minorities, activist, workers, youth,
and students.

Confronting Three fundamental problems:

1. Imperialism (extends country’s power through military; colonization)
2. Feudalism ( ruler offers mounted fighter a unit of land in exhanged of military
service)
3. Bureaucrat Capitalism ( investing in election to gain government post and
using that post to recoup the money spent with profit on the side, using all
methods available.
 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT
Pambansang
Demokratikong
Prente ng
Pilipinas

-Is a coalition of progressive social and economic justice organizations,

agricultural unions, trade unions, indigenous rights groups, leftist political
parties, and other related groups in the Philippines.

It is belong to much broader National Democracy Movement

Member of the Front includes:

1. Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
2.New Peoples Army (NPA)
2. Moro Resistance and Liberation Organization (MRLO)
 MORO RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION
ORGANIZATION

Is an active armed group participating in the Moro Conflict that established by the
National Democratic Front as one of its Moro Subdivisions.

The group main goal is to support the National Democratic Fronts

perception among Filipino Muslim but is against any form of self-
determination. It is not in favour of the of the NPA, MNLF and MILF that self-
determination must be under the goal of national democratic revolution.

The group openly and consistently condemned the Philippine Military Operations
against to the violence of Moro Civilian.