INTRODUCTION TO BODY

SYSTEMS

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Dr Azlan Kamalludin
Pakar Perubatan Kecemasan
MD (Kanada), MMed Emergency (Mal)
 LECTURE OUTLINE
• Introduction to anatomy and physiology
• Basic unit of body
• Importance of body system organization
• Body requirements
– Getting the body requirements
– Waste production and discard
– Regulation of body systems
• Individual systems
• Anatomical description of body parts and areas
 LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• Importance of anatomy and physiology in daily
medical practice
• Requirements of body
• Interaction of different organs to form basic
functional unit of system
• Interaction of different systems in fulfilling body
requirements and daily activity
• Understand anatomical terms describing body
parts and areas
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
DEFINITION
• Anatomy
– Study of physical structure of organism
• Physiology
– Study of physical and chemical factors responsible
for origin, development and progression of life
– Characteristics and mechanisms that make human
body a living being
• Pathophysiology
– Study of disorders of normal function
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IMPORTANCE
• Study of anatomy
– Allows identification of different parts of body with different
functions
– Allows common description among professionals regarding
location of an anatomy
• Study of physiology
– Knowledge regarding how body works
– How systems in body interact and maintain normal body
function
– How abnormality at any body system may affect body as a
whole.
BODY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF BODY
• Basic unit of body – cells
– Collection of cells forms tissue
– Cells are capable of living, growing and dying
– Some cells have capability of regenerating
• Collection of tissues forms organ
• Organs in the body works collectively as a
system
• Each body system has specific function
 Chemical level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

Human cell structural components

Organ Level

Organism Level Organ System

Level

Organization of human body

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; Scanlon and Sanders; 5 th Edition (2007)

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF BODY SYSTEM
• Each system has one or many basic functions
• Integration of all systems contributes towards
body well-being
– Failure of one organ will effect system function
– Abnormality of one system will eventually lead to
disease-state.
• Disease-state if left untreated may lead to
DEATH
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; Scanlon and Sanders; 5 th Edition (2007)
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; Scanlon and Sanders; 5 th Edition (2007)
BODY SYSTEM – FUNCTIONS
BODY REQUIREMENT
• Cells are capable of living, growing, and
performing special functions.
• Cell life requires: nutrients
– Oxygen, glucose, different ions, amino acids, fatty
substances
• Nutrients are utilized for cellular function
generating waste products
– Carbon dioxide
– Urea
BODY SYSTEM – FUNCTIONS
GETTING THE NUTRIENTS FOR CELLS
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - provides the oxygen required
• GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM –
– Absorbs carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids from
ingested foods
– Some nutrients undergo changes within the liver
– Food that are not absorbed are excreted from body as feces
• MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
– Facilitate movement to obtain food
– Protects body from hazardous environment
BODY SYSTEM – FUNCTIONS
GETTING THE NUTRIENTS TO CELLS
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
– Blood vessels provides network linking all organs
– Blood acts as medium of transportation of
nutrients from various parts of body.
– The heart acts as pump maintaining flow of blood
to all parts of the body
• Besides getting nutrients to the cells;
cardiovascular system also facilitate taking
waste products from the cells
BODY SYSTEM – FUNCTIONS
DISCARDING WASTE PRODUCTS
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
– Removal of carbon dioxide from blood to
atmosphere
• GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
– Kidneys filters the unwanted substrates from
blood
– Unwanted substrates are cleared via urine
REGULATION OF FUNCTIONS – NERVOUS
SYSTEM (1)
• Anatomically composed of brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Physiologically nervous system has 3 functional
components - sensory input, the central nervous
system and the motor output.
• Sensory input provides information regarding
surrounding either internal or external
• Brain stores the information, generates thoughts and
response towards the information.
• The response is then carried by motor output
component for it to be acted out.
REGULATION SIMILAR TO COMPUTER WORK-PROCESS
Textbook of medical physiology —11th ed.
REGULATION OF FUNCTIONS – HORMONAL
SYSTEM (2)
• Complements regulation by nervous system
• Hormones are excreted by endocrine glands
within the body.
• Each has specific effects or targeted cellular
activity.
• Example:
– Insulin facilitates uptake of glucose by cells allowing
metabolic function
– Thyroid hormone facilitates tempo for cellular function
BODY SYSTEM – INTRODUCTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Components
– Central nervous system – brain and spinal cord
– Peripheral nervous system – sensory and motor
component
• Physiologic function
– Regulation of voluntary and involuntary activity of the
body
• Example of disease:
– Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
– Epilepsy
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM - SENSORY
Function:
Carry information from various
parts of body to brain and
spinal cord.

Textbook of medical physiology —11th ed.

PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM -
MOTOR
Function:
Carry information from
brain and spinal cord to
body

Textbook of medical physiology —11th ed.

BODY SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Anatomic component
– Heart and blood vessels
• Physiologic function
– Pump action of heart maintaining blood flow
– Blood vessels connecting various organs
– Blood as medium of transportation
• Example of disease:
– Heart failure (pump failure)
– Septal defect (mixing of arterial and venous blood)
– Valvular disease (abnormal flow of blood)
BODY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Anatomic component
– Thoracic cage, airway, pleural cavity, lungs
• Physiologic function
– Provide oxygen to the tissues and to remove
carbon dioxide
BODY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Integrative function
– Pulmonary ventilation: flow of air between atmosphere
and lung
– Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli
and blood
– Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the
body’s tissue cells
• Example of disease:
– Asthma (obstruction to flow or air)
– Pneumonia (infection causing impaired diffusion function)
BODY SYSTEM
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Anatomic component
– Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver
• Physiologic function
– Provides water, electrolytes, and nutrients.
BODY SYSTEM
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Functional elements
– Movement of food through alimentary tract
– Secretion of digestive juices and digestion of food
– Absorption of water, electrolytes and digestive products
– Circulation of blood to transport absorbed substances
– Regulation by local, nervous, and hormonal systems
• Example of disease:
– Esophageal reflux disease (abnormal movement pattern)
– Diarrhea (inability to absorb digestive products)
Textbook of medical physiology —11th ed.
BODY SYSTEM
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
• Anatomic component
– Renal, ureters, bladder, urethra.
• Physiologic function
– Maintain body fluid condition – production of urine
– Excretion of body waste products
– Hormonal function
• Example of disease:
– Renal calculi, ureteric calculi, bladder calculi
Textbook of medical physiology —11th ed.
BODY SYSTEM
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Anatomic component
– Bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments
• Function
– Allows body mobility capability.
– Gives the body shape.
– Protects internal organs
• Example of disease:
– Fractures
– Sprains and strains
– Tetanus
BODY SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Function
– Secretes chemicals responsible for regulating
body activities and functions.
• Example of chemicals:
– Insulin and adrenaline
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
BODY PARTS AND AREAS
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
LOCATION AND POSITION (1)
Terminology Description
Anatomic position Standing upright facing forward, arms at the sides with palms
forward, and the feet slightly apart.
Superior Above or higher
Inferior Below or lower
Anterior Front or towards front
Posterior Back or towards back
Ventral Front or towards front
Dorsal Back or towards back
Medial Towards midline
Lateral Away from midline
Internal Within
External Outside
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
LOCATION AND POSITION (2)
Terminology Description
Superficial Near the surface
Deep Interior to surface
Central Main part
Peripheral Extending from main part
Proximal Closer to origin
Distal Farther from origin
Parietal Wall of a cavity
Visceral Organs within a cavity
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
LOCATION AND POSITION (1)

Description must be made and

interpreted in anatomical position
plane

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; Scanlon and Sanders; 5 th Edition (2007)

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SUMMARY
• Study of physiology and anatomy is integral part
of medicine
– Allow knowledge to function
– Allows anticipation of disease state severity
– Allow common understanding and dissemination of
information
• Body composed of cells, organs then systems
• Each system has specific function(s)
• Integration of systems maintains body well-being
THANK YOU