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Lecture 14

Vermicomposting uses earthworms to compost organic material.

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Tejas Mhaiskar
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17 views

Lecture 14

Vermicomposting uses earthworms to compost organic material.

Uploaded by

Tejas Mhaiskar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture: 14

Module C: Solid Waste Management

COURSE Id: CE302

BTech: All Departments

1
Waste generation
and storage
Transport Transfer station-
segregation

Disposal

Various
options
Disposal
• Disposal is the final stage in the solid waste management, and all the wastes whether they
are residential, commercial or from any other sources are collected and transported to a
disposal site.
• Any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use
or alternative uses
A wide range of options are available for the safe waste disposal.

They are listed as follows


1. Open dumping
2. Sanitary dumping
3. Composting
4. Incineration
5. Pyrolysis
Open dumping

• In this method the solid wastes collected from the town


are deposited in low lying areas usually on the outskirts
of the town.

• Since the open dumps are uncovered these attract flies,


birds, insects, rodents and also emit odours.

• This method is unscientific and causes nuisance to the


public and subjected to fire hazards.

• At the same time it causes health and pollution hazards


and not suitable aesthetically.
LANDFILL
An area of land that has solid waste deposited on it such a quantity to noticeably change the
surface elevation
• Concept fostered in early 20th century

Landfills are physical facilities used for the disposal of residual solid waste in the surface of
the earth

Two types of landfills


Sanitary landfill: Engineered facility for the disposal of solid waste
Secured landfill: For the disposal of hazardous waste

Design period for sanitary landfill is 20 to 25 years


Sanitary Dumping & Land Filling

• The purpose of landfilling is to bury or alter the chemical composition of the wastes.

• Landfills are not homogenous

• Made up of cells in which a known volume of waste is kept isolated from adjacent waste
cells by a suitable barrier.

• Barriers between the cells commonly consists of a layer of natural soil or clay.

• The feasibility of the land disposal of solid waste depends on the factors such as type,
quality, quantity and characteristics of wastes, soil and site characteristics.

• The microbial degradation process is the most important biological activity occurring in
sanitary landfills.
Chennai: Gummidipoondi Chennai: Perungudi dump yard
Sanitary landfill

Components of landfill
1. Bottom and side liners
2. Gas collection system and treatment
3. Leachate collection and treatment
4. Drainage system
5. Top cover
Types of Land Filling
1. Trench method: This method involves excavation of trench into which waste is deposited
and covered with a layer of soil
2. Area method: In this method waste may be deposited in layers and so form terraces over the
available area.
3. Cell method: This method involves the deposition of waste within pre constructed
bonded area. It is the preferred method in industries, since it encourages the concept of
progressive filling and restoration.

In all the above methods, at the end of each


working day all the exposed surfaces
including the flanks and working space
should be covered with a suitable inert
material to a depth of 15 cm.

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste


can be taken to land fills if there is no other
option (in another cell)
C&D used as a daily cover or for road
construction
Types of solid waste to be accepted at landfills
Non-biodegradable and inert waste by nature or through pretreatment
Mixed waste not found suitable for waste processing
 Pre-processing and post processing rejects from waste processing sites
Non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled
Landfill siting consideration
1. Haul distance: close to generation
2. Location restriction: 20 km away from airport, 20 m away from high ways
3. Available land area: minimum 25 years
4. Site access: should have proper access
5. Climatic conditions
6. Soil conditions and topography: The soil using a covering material should have low
porosity. The topography decides extend of work
7. Geologic and hydrologic conditions: Ensure that leachate should not mix with ground
water (2 m below) or aquifers
8. Local environmental conditions
9. Potential ultimate uses for the composite sites
LANDFILL ISSUES

• Physical amount and disposal of garbage


• Costs to collect, handle and dispose
• Litter
• Odor
• Insects (files, cockroaches), rodents
• Resource lost
In general 50-70% of municipal solid
waste is landfilled
Recent or Modern land fills:
• No longer take hazardous waste (it’s a
different ball game)
• Do not receive bulk liquids (because of
stability issues)
• Gas controle systems
• Liners
INCINERATION
Incineration: It involves the combustion of waste at very high temperature in the presence of
oxygen and results in the production of ash, flue gas, and heat
It saves place, reduces smell, and pestilence

• The primary difference between waste incineration and other combustion is that the waste
incineration process treats incoming waste with great variation calorific value >1500 k-cal/kg
Picture credits: Google images
• It is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and other

elements in the waste combine with oxygen in the combustion

zone and generate heat.

• Usually excess air is supplied to the incinerator to ensure the

complete mixing and combustion.

• Many incinerators are designed to operate in the combustion

zone of 900-1100 C.

• This temperature zone is selected to ensure a good combustion,

complete elimination of odors and protection of the wall of the


Picture credits: Google images
incinerator.
Waste suitable for incineration
• Moisture content <45%, calorific value >1500 k-cal/kg, fixed carbon <15%, total inert <35%
• Incineration is chosen when there is no better option of processing of waste shortage of land
Example: Japan having land shortage
• It helps to reduce the volume of waste
• It is a costly process, and ash generated is harmful to the environment

Requirements of incineration
• Minimum temperature of municipal solid waste (MSW) is 850 OC and hazardous waste
1100 OC
• The temperature should be maintained of 2 seconds. After attainment of required
temperature we should not add any feeding
• Pretreatment is required
(a) Removal or shredding of bulky or heavy items
(b) Mixing of low and high heating value waste
Types of Incinerators

Moving grate incinerators Rotating kiln incinerators Fluidized bed incinerators

Picture credits: Google images


PYROLYSIS
• Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in

the absence of oxygen.

• It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is

irreversible.

• It is one of the processes involved in charring wood, starting at 200–300 °C (390–570 °F).

• In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces gas and liquid products and leaves a solid

residue richer in carbon content, char.

• The process is used heavily in the chemical industry, for example, to produce charcoal, 

activated carbon, methanol, and other chemicals.


Picture credits: Google images
Composting

• Composting is the transformation of organic material


(plant matter) through decomposition into a soil-like
material called compost.

• Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic


matter.

• Invertebrates (insects and earthworms), and


microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) help in this
transformation.

• Compost produced at the end of the process can be used in


farming and gardening to improve soil quality.

Picture credits: Google images


Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition and stabilization of organic substrate under
the conditions that allow thermophilic (temperature > 95°C) as a result of biologically
produced heat, to produce a final product of that is stable, free of pathogens, plant seeds
and can be beneficially applied to land.
Products of composting
Water vapour, CO2, other gases
Phases of composting
i) Lag phase
ii) Active phase
iii) Maturation phase

Types of composting based on Temperature


Active (hot) composting /Aerobic
~55oC
Higher temperature kill most pathogens
Regularly stirring ensure aeration
Faster (take weeks)
Passive (cold) composting /Anaerobic
~30oC
Much slower (may take months)
May develop anaerobic condition, releasing odor and greenhouse gas (e.g. methane)

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