MODULE 2: RECAP: WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Importance of water and wastewater

Difference between water, ground water, and wastewater treatment systems
What are different wastewaters
Characteristics of water and wastewater
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD Equation
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Nutrients removal
Differences between primary, secondary and tertiary treatment units
Treatment Technologies
Sustainability
Life Cycle Assessment
Circular Economy
Lecture: 12

Module C: Solid Waste Management

COURSE Id: CE302

BTech: All Departments

2
NEED OF THE STUDY
 SOLID WASTE GENERATION

• Per capita solid waste generated is 0.2-0.6 kg/day

• The total quantity of solid waste generated in the country is 160038.9 (1.6 L)TPD (tons per day)

31.7% of total waste generated is unaccounted

 WHAT ARE WASTES

• Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is
unwanted or useless materials.

• In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled
from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.
 TYPES OF WASTES BASED ON TOXICITY

Hazardous wastes

- Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically

- and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.

Non-hazardous

- Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do

not have any of those properties mentioned above.

These substances usually create disposal problems.

 SOLID WASTE

• All solid and semi solid wastes that are arising from various human and animal
activities which are discarded as useless or unwanted are called as “SOLID WASTE”

• Example: papers, plastics, vegetable and fruit peels, oil, tea bags, coffee grounds,
metals, demolition wastes etc.

• The heterogeneous mass of wastes from urban community and more homogenous
wastes from agricultural, industrial and mineral activities are also called as “SOLID
WASTE”
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
 WHY SOLID WASTE…?

Why solid waste is a consequence of Life

• The relationship between public health and improper storage, collection, and disposal
of solid waste is quite clear.

Adverse impacts
• It spreads diseases
• Water pollution
• Air pollution by release of Green House Gases
• Loss of aquatic species Picture credits: Google images
Material Flow and waste generation
 Composition of Solid Wastes

Composition is the term used to describe the individual components that make up a
solid waste stream and their relative distribution

 Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating equipment

needs, systems and management program and plans
 Composition of Solid Wastes

The residential and commercial portion makes up about 50 to 75

percent of total MSW generated in a community

The actual percentage distribution will depend on

 The extent of construction and demolition activities
 The extent of the municipal services provided
 Composition of Solid Wastes

• Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled).

• Recyclable material: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, cans, aluminium cans, metals,

certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, tyres, batteries etc.

• Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.

• Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing machines, TVs, computers,

screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches etc.

• Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.

• Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, aerosol spray cans, fertilisers and

containers

• Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides

• Medical waste expired medicines etc.

 Composition of Solid Waste
 The percentage distribution values for the components in MSW vary with
 Location
 Season
 economic conditions
 population
 Social behavior
 Climate
 Market for waste materials
 Other factor
 SOLID WASTE CLASSIFICATION

• Its done based on the following criteria:

1. Source of generation

2. Type of waste

3. Property
 BASED ON TYPE OF SOURCE

Typical facilities, activities, locations

Types of solid wastes Source
where wastes are generated

Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,

leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special
wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white Single and multifamily dwellings Residential
goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous
wastes

Industrial process waste, scrap materials, etc. Non - Light and heavy
industrial waste including food wastes, construction manufacturing, fabrication,
Industrial
and demolition wastes, rubbish, ashes , hazardous construction sites, power and
wastes, ashes, special wastes chemical plants
 Typical facilities, activities,
locations where wastes are
Types of solid wastes Source
generated

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food

Stores, hotels, restaurants,
wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, Commercial
markets, office buildings, etc.
hazardous wastes

Schools, hospitals, prisons,

Same as commercial Institutional
government centers

New construction sites, road

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. repair, renovation sites, demolition Construction and Demolition
of buildings, broken pavement
 Typical facilities, activities,
locations where wastes are
Types of solid wastes Source
generated

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, Municipal
general wastes from parks, beaches, and other beaches, other recreational areas, Services (excluding
recreational areas; sludge etc treatment facilities)

Field and row crops, orchards,

Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish,
vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, Agricultural
hazardous waste.
etc.
 BASED ON TYPE OF WASTE

Typical facilities, activities, locations where

Source Types of solid wastes
wastes are generated

Animal and vegetable waste from handling, Oil, tea bags, coffee grounts,
Garbage sale, storage, preparation,cooking and serving vegetable and fruit peels, animal
of food excreta, meat etc

Burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke for

Ashes and residues cooking and heating in houses and industries Dirt, flyash etc
etc

Used or faulty electronic goods like

House hold goods (which cant be washing
Bulky waste
accommodated) machine,ovens,fridges,furniture ,vehi
cle parts etc
 Walkways, alleys, parks, vacant Paper,plastic,dirt, cardboard,leaves
Street wastes
plots, and vegetable matter etc

Large: horse,cow, sheep,pig,goat etc

Dead animals Naturally or accidentally
Small: dog,cat,rabbit,rats etc

Abandoned vehicles Used or faulty vehicles Automobiles, trucks etc

Planting, harvesting, slaughter Body parts of animals, dead plants,

Farm wastes
houses, feedlots spoiled seeds, pesticides etc

Ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity and Empty fertliser and paint tins,

Hazardous waste
toxicity plastics, metals etc

Solid (both raw and treated)sludge,

Sewage waste Treatment plants
grit, etc
Combustible wastes Paper, cardboard, textile,
rubber etc
Non-Combustible wastes House holds, institutions, industries
Glass,dirt,crockery etc
 BASED ON THE PROPERTY

APPROXIMATE TIME IT TAKES TO

Category TYPE OF LITTER
DEGENERATE THE LITTER

ORGANIC WASTE SUCH AS VEGETABLE AND

A WEEK OR TWO.
FRUIT PEELS, LEFT OVER FOODSTUFF, ETC.

PAPER 10–30 DAYS

BIO DEGRADABLE
COTTON CLOTH 2–5 MONTHS

WOOD 10–15 YEARS

WOOLEN ITEMS 1 YEAR

TIN, ALUMINIUM, AND OTHER METAL ITEMS

100–500 YEARS
SUCH AS CANS
NON-BIO DEGRADABLE
PLASTIC BAGS ONE MILLION YEARS?

GLASS BOTTLES UNDETERMINED

 IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY
• Affects our health

• Affects our socio-economic conditions

• Affects our coastal and marine environment

• Affects our climate

• GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean

surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.

• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local

climate conditions.

• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.

• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
 Impacts of waste on health

• Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood

• Cancer

• Congenital malformations

• Neurological diseases

• Nausea and vomiting

• Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites.

Effects of waste on animals and aquatics life

• Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the

rivers.

• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds.

• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.

• Degrades water and soil quality.

Impacts of waste on Environment

• Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas

• Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste

biodegradable

• Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping,

• Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them.