Lecture 14

Per Unit Analysis of Three

Phase System
Learning Outcomes

After completing this unit you will be able to:

• Apply per unit models of power system components such as
generators, transformers, transmission lines, etc. to analyse a
balanced three-phase power system.

2
Per-Unit System for Three Phase System

For a given single-line (one-line) diagram of a power network, all

component parameters are expressed in 3- quantity whether it is
the rating (capacity) expressed as MVA or voltage as kV. Lets
begin with 3- base quantity of

S base  3V base I base (i)

where Vbase = line voltage, Ibase = line or phase current

Per phase base impedance,

V base
3 (ii)
Z base 
I base
3
This is line-to-neutral impedance.
Combining (i) and (ii) yields,

Vbase
Z base  3 
kV 
base
2

Sbase MVAbase
3Vbase
where kVbase and MVAbase are 3- qualtities

4
Changing base impedance (Znew]

Sometimes the parameters for two elements in the same circuit

(network) are quoted in per-unit on a different base. The changing
base impedance is given as,

2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   Z OLD  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD

5
 Example

Determine the per-unit values of the following single-line diagram

and draw the impedance diagram. From the impedance diagram
obtained find the transmission line current.

5 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA

275 kV/132 kV Transmission line 132 kV/66 kV
Xg = 16%
j 3.48 

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u Load

40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

6
Solution
Chosen base: Always choose the largest rating, therefore

Sbase = 100 MVA, V = 66 kV, 132 kV and 275 kV

Per-unit calculations

Generator G1:
2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW   OLD
pu  Z  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD

2752 100
X g ( pu )  0.16  2
 0.32 p.u.
275 50
7
Transformer T1:
X T 1 ( pu )  0.1 p.u.

Transmission line TL:

Z pu
Z
 actual where Z base 
kV base 2
Z base MVAbase

Therefore,
Z actual  MVAbase j 3.4 100
Z TL ( p.u .)    j 0.0195 p.u.
kVbase 2
132 2

8
Transformer T2:

2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   Z OLD  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD

66 2 100
X T 2 ( p.u .)  0.04  2  0.08
66 50

Now, we have all the impedance values in per-unit with a common

base and we can now combine all the impedances and determine
the overall impedance.

9
Inductive load:

Magnitude of load current is

MVA 40  10 6
IL   6
 437.39 A
3  VLL  cos  3  66 10  0.8
Given:
cos   0.8
Therefore,
  cos 1 0.8  36.87

Since the load is inductive, so we can write

I L  437.39  36.87 A
10
Therefore,
66 103
0
VPhase 3
Z L ( actual )    87.12  36.87 
IL 437.39  36.87

and

Z base 
kVbase 
2

66 2
 43.56 
MVAbase 100

Therefore,
Z L ( actual) 87.12  36.87
Z L ( p.u .)    1.6  j1.2 
Z base 43.56

11
 5 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA
275 kV/132 kV Transmission line 132 kV/66 kV
Xg = 16%
j 3.48 

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u Load

40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

Transformer Transmission Line Transformer

T1 TL T2

j 0.1 p.u. j 0.0195 p.u. j 0.08 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u. 1.6 p.u..

Generator Load
G j 1.2 p.u.

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Solution

Transmission line current

VS ( p.u .) 10
I TL ( p.u .)    0.426  47.06 p.u.
Z total ( p.u .) 1.6  j1.72

MVAbase 100 10 6

I TL (base)   3
 437.39 A
3  Vbase 3  132  10

Therefore,
I TL ( actual )  I TL ( p.u .)  I base
 0.426  47.06  437.39
 186.3  47.06 A
13
END

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