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Project On Sikkim

Sikkim is a state in northeastern India bordering Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and West Bengal. It is notable for its biodiversity and as the host of Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India. Sikkim has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varying elevations, and is mostly covered in forest. The state's economy depends on agriculture and tourism, and it is a leader in organic farming in India. Key minerals found in Sikkim include coal, quartzite, and talc.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
679 views20 pages

Project On Sikkim

Sikkim is a state in northeastern India bordering Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and West Bengal. It is notable for its biodiversity and as the host of Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India. Sikkim has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varying elevations, and is mostly covered in forest. The state's economy depends on agriculture and tourism, and it is a leader in organic farming in India. Key minerals found in Sikkim include coal, quartzite, and talc.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROJECT ON SIKKIM

GAGANDEEP SINGH JASS


CLASS – IX B
ROLL NO - 9
BIOLOGY
SIKKIM IS A STATE IN NORTHEASTERN INDIA. IT
BORDERS TIBET IN THE NORTH AND NORTHEAST, 
BHUTAN IN THE EAST, NEPAL IN THE WEST, AND 
WEST BENGAL IN THE SOUTH. SIKKIM IS ALSO
CLOSE TO INDIA'S SILIGURI CORRIDOR NEAR 
BANGLADESH. SIKKIM IS THE LEAST POPULOUS
 AND SECOND SMALLEST AMONG THE INDIAN
STATES. A PART OF THE EASTERN HIMALAYA,
SIKKIM IS NOTABLE FOR ITS BIODIVERSITY,
INCLUDING ALPINE AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES,
AS WELL AS BEING A HOST TO KANGCHENJUNGA,
THE HIGHEST PEAK IN INDIA AND 
THIRD HIGHEST ON EARTH. SIKKIM'S CAPITAL AND
LARGEST CITY IS GANGTOK. ALMOST 35% OF THE
STATE IS COVERED BY THE 
THE KINGDOM OF SIKKIM WAS FOUNDED BY THE 
NAMGYAL DYNASTY IN THE 17TH CENTURY. IT WAS RULED BY 
BUDDHIST PRIEST-KINGS KNOWN AS THE CHOGYAL. IT BECAME A 
PRINCELY STATE OF BRITISH INDIA IN 1890. FOLLOWING INDIAN
INDEPENDENCE, SIKKIM CONTINUED ITS PROTECTORATE STATUS
WITH THE UNION OF INDIA AFTER 1947, AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA
AFTER 1950. IT ENJOYED THE HIGHEST LITERACY RATE AND PER
CAPITA INCOME AMONG HIMALAYAN STATES. IN 1973, ANTI-
ROYALIST RIOTS TOOK PLACE IN FRONT OF THE CHOGYAL'S PALACE.
IN 1975, AFTER THE INDIAN ARMY TOOK OVER THE CITY OF 
GANGTOK, A REFERENDUM WAS HELD THAT LED TO THE DEPOSITION
OF THE MONARCHY AND SIKKIM JOINING INDIA AS ITS 22ND STATE.
MODERN SIKKIM IS A MULTIETHNIC AND MULTILINGUAL INDIAN
STATE. THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE STATE ARE ENGLISH, 
NEPALI, SIKKIMESE AND LEPCHA.ADDITIONAL OFFICIAL
LANGUAGES INCLUDE GURUNG, LIMBU, MAGAR, MUKHIA, NEWARI, 
RAI, SHERPA AND TAMANG FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRESERVATION OF
CULTURE AND TRADITION IN THE STATE
ENGLISH IS TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS AND USED IN GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS. THE PREDOMINANT RELIGIONS ARE HINDUISM
 AND VAJRAYANA BUDDHISM. SIKKIM'S ECONOMY IS
LARGELY DEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM. AS
OF 2014, THE STATE HAD 
THE THIRD-SMALLEST GDP AMONG INDIAN STATES
,ALTHOUGH IT IS ALSO AMONG THE FASTEST-GROWING.
SIKKIM ACCOUNTS FOR THE LARGEST SHARE OF CARDAMOM
 PRODUCTION IN INDIA, AND IS THE WORLD'S SECOND
LARGEST PRODUCER OF THE SPICE AFTER GUATEMALA.
SIKKIM ACHIEVED ITS AMBITION TO CONVERT ITS 
AGRICULTURE TO FULLY ORGANIC BETWEEN 2003 AND 2016,
AND BECAME THE FIRST STATE IN INDIA TO ACHIEVE THIS
DISTINCTION.IT IS ALSO AMONG INDIA'S MOST 
ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS STATES, HAVING BANNED 
PLASTIC WATER BOTTLES "IN ANY GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS
AND MEETINGS" AND POLYSTYRENE PRODUCTS
(THROUGHOUT THE STATE).
• SIKKIM IS SITUATED IN AN ECOLOGICAL HOTSPOT OF THE LOWER HIMALAYAS, ONE OF ONLY THREE AMONG
THE ECOREGIONS OF INDIA.[72][73] THE FORESTED REGIONS OF THE STATE EXHIBIT A DIVERSE RANGE OF 
FAUNA AND FLORA. OWING TO ITS ALTITUDINAL GRADATION, THE STATE HAS A WIDE VARIETY OF PLANTS,
FROM TROPICAL SPECIES TO TEMPERATE, ALPINE AND TUNDRA ONES, AND IS PERHAPS ONE OF THE FEW
REGIONS TO EXHIBIT SUCH A DIVERSITY WITHIN SUCH A SMALL AREA. NEARLY 81 PER CENT OF THE AREA OF
SIKKIM COMES UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF ITS FOREST DEPARTMENT. [74]
• SIKKIM IS HOME TO AROUND 5,000 SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS, 515 RARE ORCHIDS, 60 PRIMULA
 SPECIES, 36 RHODODENDRON SPECIES, 11 OAK VARIETIES, 23 BAMBOO VARIETIES, 16 CONIFER SPECIES, 362
TYPES OF FERNS AND FERNS ALLIES, 8 TREE FERNS, AND OVER 900 MEDICINAL PLANTS. [72] [7] A RELATIVE OF
THE POINSETTIA, LOCALLY KNOWN AS "CHRISTMAS FLOWER", CAN BE FOUND IN ABUNDANCE IN THE
MOUNTAINOUS STATE. THE NOBLE DENDROBIUM IS THE OFFICIAL FLOWER OF SIKKIM, WHILE THE 
RHODODENDRON IS THE STATE TREE.[75]
• ORCHIDS, FIGS, LAUREL, BANANAS, SAL TREES AND BAMBOO GROW IN THE 
HIMALAYAN SUBTROPICAL BROADLEAF FORESTS OF THE LOWER ALTITUDES OF SIKKIM. IN THE TEMPERATE
ELEVATIONS ABOVE 1,500 METRES (4,900 FT) THERE ARE EASTERN HIMALAYAN BROADLEAF FORESTS, WHERE
OAKS, CHESTNUTS, MAPLES, BIRCHES, ALDERS, AND MAGNOLIAS GROW IN LARGE NUMBERS, AS WELL AS 
HIMALAYAN SUBTROPICAL PINE FORESTS, DOMINATED BY CHIR PINE. ALPINE-TYPE VEGETATION IS
TYPICALLY FOUND BETWEEN AN ALTITUDE OF 3,500 TO 5,000 METRES (11,500 TO 16,400 FT).
IN LOWER ELEVATIONS ARE FOUND JUNIPER, PINE, FIRS, 
CYPRESSES AND RHODODENDRONS FROM THE 
EASTERN HIMALAYAN SUBALPINE CONIFER FORESTS.
HIGHER UP ARE 
EASTERN HIMALAYAN ALPINE SHRUB AND MEADOWS AND
HIGH-ALTITUDE WETLANDS, WHICH ARE HOME TO A WIDE
VARIETY OF RHODODENDRONS AND WILDFLOWERS. THE
FAUNA OF SIKKIM INCLUDE THE SNOW LEOPARD,[76] 
MUSK DEER, HIMALAYAN TAHR, RED PANDA, 
HIMALAYAN MARMOT, HIMALAYAN SEROW, 
HIMALAYAN GORAL, MUNTJAC, COMMON LANGUR, 
ASIAN BLACK BEAR, CLOUDED LEOPARD,[77] MARBLED CAT, 
LEOPARD CAT,[78] DHOLE, TIBETAN WOLF, HOG BADGER, 
BINTURONG, AND HIMALAYAN JUNGLE CAT. AMONG THE
ANIMALS MORE COMMONLY FOUND IN THE ALPINE ZONE
ARE YAKS, MAINLY REARED FOR THEIR MILK, MEAT, AND
AS A BEAST OF BURDEN.
THE AVIFAUNA OF SIKKIM INCLUDE THE 
IMPEYAN PHEASANT, CRIMSON HORNED PHEASANT, 
SNOW PARTRIDGE, TIBETAN SNOWCOCK, 
BEARDED VULTURE AND GRIFFON VULTURE, AS WELL AS 
GOLDEN EAGLES, QUAILS, PLOVERS, WOODCOCKS, 
SANDPIPERS, PIGEONS, OLD WORLD FLYCATCHERS, 
BABBLERS AND ROBINS. SIKKIM HAS MORE THAN 550
SPECIES OF BIRDS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE BEEN DECLARED 
ENDANGERED.[73]
SIKKIM ALSO HAS A RICH DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS,
MANY OF WHICH REMAIN UNSTUDIED.[73] SOME OF THE MOST
UNDERSTUDIED SPECIES ARE SIKKIMESE ARTHROPODS,
SPECIFICALLY BUTTERFLIES. OF THE APPROXIMATELY 1,438
BUTTERFLY SPECIES FOUND IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT,
695 HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN SIKKIM.[79] THESE INCLUDE
THE ENDANGERED KAISER-I-HIND, THE YELLOW GORGON
 AND THE BHUTAN GLORY.[80]
SIKKIM IS THE FIRST STATE IN THE WORLD THAT IS 100%
ORGANIC: ALL OF ITS FARMLAND IS CERTIFIED ORGANIC.
THE POLICY IMPLEMENTED A PHASE-OUT OF CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES, AND ACHIEVED A TOTAL
BAN ON SALE AND USE OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES IN THE
STATE. THE TRANSITION HAS BENEFITTED MORE THAN
66,000 FARMING FAMILIES.
AT THE SAME TIME, SIKKIM’S APPROACH REACHES
BEYOND ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND HAS PROVED TRULY
TRANSFORMATIONAL FOR THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS.
EMBEDDED IN ITS DESIGN ARE SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
SUCH AS CONSUMPTION AND MARKET EXPANSION,
CULTURAL ASPECTS AS WELL AS HEALTH, EDUCATION,
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM.
SIKKIM'S TOURISM SECTOR, FOR INSTANCE, BENEFITED
GREATLY FROM THE NEW ORGANIC IMAGE: BETWEEN 2014
CHEMISTRY

METALS AND
NON-METALS FOUND
IN SIKKIM
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) HAS COMPLETED
SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF 90 % OF ACCESSIBLE LAND
ON 1:50000 SCALE AND CARRIED OUT MINERAL EXPLORATION
MOSTLY AROUND PARTS OF SOUTH, WEST AND EAST SIKKIM. THE
STATE DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND GEOLOGY HAS BEEN
WORKING ON SITE SPECIFIC GEOLOGICAL & GEO - TECHNICAL STUDY,
ON A PRIORITIZED BASIS, BOTH THE AGENCIES HAVE FOUND LARGE
DEPOSITS OF LOW VALUE - HIGH BULK MINERALS BESIDES BASE
METAL OCCURRENCES MOSTLY WITHIN THE DALING GROUP OF
ROCKS CALLED GORUBATHAN FORMATION. THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
GSI AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY ARE
REVIEWED PERIODICALLY AND MONITORED DURING CENTRAL
GEOLOGICAL AND STATE GEOLOGICAL BOARD MEETINGS. DESPITE
EFFORTS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MIERALS & GEOLOGY,
GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM AND THE GSI, LARGE AREAS OF THE STATE
REMAINS UNEXPLORED. HOWEVER, OCCURRENCE OF THE
MINERALS FOUND
FOLLOWING MINERALS HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN
SIKKIM
COAL: THERE ARE NO COAL FIELDS AS SUCH IN SIKKIM, HOWEVER
COAL OCCURRENCES ARE WIDESPREAD IN THE SO CALLED '
RANGIT TECTONIC WINDOW' ZONE. DETAILED STUDIES BY G.S.I.
AROUND NAMCHI, SOUTH SIKKIM, ESTABLISHED A RESERVE OF
1.40 LAKH TONNES OF COAL. THE STATE DMG CARRIED ON
FURTHER STUDIES ON COAL & PROMISING AREAS HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED. COAL RESERVE OF NEARLY 70,000 TONNES AT RESHI (
SOUTH SIKKIM) HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED AND COAL SAMPLES
FROM THE AREA WAS ANALYZED AT THE CMPDIL, RANCHI FOR
TEST DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN THE FORM OF CO - CAKES/
COAL BRIQUETTES. THE INSTITUTE DEVELOPED HONEY - COMB
COAL BRIQUETTES USING 75 % SIKKIM COAL PLUS OTHER HIGH
VOLATILE COAL FROM ELSEWHERE AND OXIDANTS / ADDITIVES.
THE THERMAL YIELD OF THE BRIQUETTES SO DEVELOPED COMES
TO 5,2000 K.CAL / KG WHICH IS BETTER THAN THE THERMAL TILED
OF FIREWOOD (3,500 K/CAL/KG). BESIDES SUCH TEST, THE

COAL
DEPARTMENTAL SCIENTISTS DEVELOPED INDIGENOUS HAND MADE
BRIQUETTES SUCCESSFULLY BY BLENDING LOCAL COAL WITH
CLAY, AND ADDITIVES.
QUARTZITE: OCCURENCES OF HIGH GRADE QUARTZITE
WITH OVER 90 % SILICA HAS BEEN FOUND IN PARTS OF
EAST, WEST & SOUTH SIKKIM. THE QUARTZITE OCCURRENCE
AT RANIKHOLA - MANSARI AREA OF WEST SIKKIM WAS
MINED COMMERCIALLY, AND THE MINE IS BEING
CONSIDERED FOR REVIVAL. ESTIMATED MINEABLE RESERVE
OF SOME 70,000 TONNES AT THE AREA LIES UNEXPLOITED.
THE OVERALL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION VARIATION
ACCORDING TO CG & CRI, CALCUTTA IS AS FOLLOWS.

SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O Na2O LOI

91.68  0.37 0.02 Trace 0.06  Trace 0.03 0.18


to to to to to Trace to to to
98.97 2.98 1.68 0.89 2.11 0.89 0.95 0.88

QUARTZITE
TALC: TALC IN SIKKIM HAS BEEN FOUND AS
INTERCALATIONS IN QUARTZITE DEPOSIT OF RANIKHOLA -
MANSARI AREA OF WEST SIKKIM. AS ESTIMATED RESERVE OF
ABOUT 80,000 TONNES OF THE MINERAL LIE IN THE LEASED
AREA OF M/S SIKKIM PVT. LTD. AND SOME MORE ARE BEING
MINED BY RAT HOLE MINING BY VILLAGERS FOR EXPORT TO
SILIGURI. COMPOSITION OF TALC IN THE AREA IS AS
FOLLOWS.

SiO2 MgO CaO Al2O3  Fe2O3  Alkalies LOI

45.92 24.45 0.10 1.60 0.20 0.25 1.00


to to to to to to to
63.60 37.45 1.79 7.86 3.04 2.00 5.00

TALC
DOLOMITE & LIMESTONE: SIKKIM
HAS EXTENSIVE DEPOSITS WITH
BANDS OF DOLOMITE LIMESTONE IN
RANGIT VALLEY TECTONIC WINDOW.
EXPLORATORY WORK HAS BEEN DONE
BY G.S.I. AND THE STATE DMG.
SAMPLES FROM THE AREA SHOW THE
FOLLOWING VARIATION OF CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION.

CaO  Al2O3 Fe2O3  SiO2  MgO  Na2O K2O  LOI

30.88
to
1.76
to
1.32
to
7.88
to
0.97
to
 0.13
to
0.04  25.45
to to
DOLOMITE
48.35 5.07 5.42 32.27 1.72 1.04 1.79 88.12
AND
LIMESTONE
MARBLE: SIKKIM IS ENDOWED WITH
SIZEABLE DEPOSITS OF MARBLE AROUND
TSUNGTHANG, TSONGO AND TOLONG.
MUCH ATTENTION WAS PAID TO THIS
MINERAL FOR VIABLE COMMERCIAL
EXPLOITATION. PRESENTLY THE MINERAL
IS BEING TESTED AND STUDIED IN DETAIL
FOR USE AS CUT AND POLISHED SLABS.
THE TEST SAMPLES COMPARE WITH THE
MARBLE SLABS IN THE MARKET. OTHER

MARBLE
POSSIBLE USE OF THIS RESOURCES IS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT, CALCIUM
CARBIDE, CHEMICALS ETC.
BASE METAL: AS REGARDS TO PLOY METALLIFEROUS
DEPOSITS IN THE STATE, COPPER- LEAD- ZINC DEPOSIT AT
BHOTANG, RANGPO, HAS BEEN UNDER EXPLOITATION BY
SIKKIM MINING CORPORATION. OTHER BASE METAL DEPOSIT
UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR EXPLOITATION BY THE
GOVERNMENT IS THE DIKCHU COPPER - ZINC PROJECT. THE
TECHNO - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE PROJECT WAS DONE BY
THE MINERAL EXPLORATION CORPORATION OF INDIA. THE
TOTAL ORE RESERVE, ACCORDING TO MECL, IS ABOUT 0.45
MILLION TONNES CONTAINING 2.82 % CU AND 0.90 % ZN.
OUT OF THE TOTAL ORE RESERVE, ABOUT 0.30 MILLION
TONNES CONTAINS AN AVERAGE OF 3% CU AND 1 % OF
WHICH FALLS UNDER THE DEVELOPED AND PROVED
CATEGORY. THE INVESTIGATED LODE EXTENDS FOR ABOUT
564 METRES IN LENGTH, 100 METRES IN VERTICAL DEPTH &
1.25 METRES IN THICKNESS. THE TEST CARRIED OUT ON BASE
METAL
BULK SAMPLES OF ORE FROM DIKCHU GAVE 90 - 93 %
RECOVERY COPPER IN THE CONCENTRATE.
GRAPHITE: GRAPHITE IN SIKKIM
OCCURS OVER PARTS OF WEST AND
NORTH DISTRICTS. WORKABLE
OCCURENCES ARE LOCATED AT
CHITRE - DARIELY & DENTAM -
UTTAREY AREA OF WEST SIKKIM. THE
GRAPHITE IS MADE UP OF 40 - 60 %
FIXED CARBON. BENEFICIATION IS
NECESSARY FOR COMMERCIAL
EXPLOITATION. GRAPHITE
SILLIMANITE: INVESTIGATION OF
SILLIMANITE AROUND HEAD WATERS OF
ROATHAK KHOLA SHOW OCCURENCES OF
THE MINERAL IN THE FORM OF BOULDERS
AND IN - SITU LENSOIDAL BODIES. THE
BOULDERS ALONE SHOW A TENTATIVE
RESERVE OF OVER 1000 TONNES.
SAMPLES FROM THE AREA ON ANALYSIS
SHOW MINERAL FALLING WITHIN GRADE
II. REPORTED OCCURENCES OF
SILLIMANITE / KYANITE BEARING SCHIST SILLIMANI
IN THE HIGH GRADE BIOTITE OF CHANGEY TE
KHOLA NEEDS FURTHER STUDIES.
THERMAL SPRINGS: THERE ARE
ATLEAST EIGHT KNOWN THERMAL
SPRINGS IN SIKKIM. OF THEM,
PHURTSACHU, BORONG AND POLOT IN
SOUTH SIKKIM, YUMTHANG, TARUM
AND TOLUNG OF NORTH SIKKIM ARE
WELL KNOWN ONES. THE SPRINGS ARE
BEING MONITORED FROM TIME TO TIME
UNLIKE THE PERENNIAL SOURCE OF
COLD SPRINGS WHICH ARE MONITORED THERMAL
AND WATER TESTED FREQUENTLY.
WATER
Parameters Yumthang Tarum Phurtsachu
Flow Rate  645 Lt / hr  4500 Lt / hr -
Water Temp. 450 C 500 C 450 C
Water Colour Clear Clear Clear
Odour Highly Sulfurous  Mildly Sulfurous  Highly Sulfurous
Taste  Salty, unpleasant  Unpleasant Salty,unpleasant
Radio activity Background Background Background
Total Solids 100 mg / lt  100 mg / lt  675 mg / lt
Total alkalinity  140 mg /lt 60 mg / lt -
Acidity - - 256 mg / lt
Total Hardness 8 mg / Lt  20 mg / Lt 252 mg / lt
Ca Hardness  8 mg / Lt 16 mg / Lt  120 mg / lt
Sulphate 37.08 mg / Lt  41.20 mg / Lt  24.7 mg / Lt
Phosphate 0.04 mg / Lt  0.20 mg / Lt  0.20 mg / Lt
pH  7.7  7.4  7.23
Sodium 3 ppm 24 ppm 5 ppm
Potassium  0.5 ppm 0.75 ppm  1.15 ppm
Chloride 17.5 mg / Lt 7.60 mg / Lt 111.39 mg / Lt

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