Digital Logic Design

By: Fahim Shahzad

Number Systems and codes
Number Systems
Two types of number systems are:
Non-positional number systems
Positional number systems
Non-positional Number Systems
Characteristics
Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for
4, IIIII for 5, etc.
Each symbol represents the same value regardless of
its position in the number.
The symbols are simply added to find out the value of
a particular number.
Difficulty
It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a number
system.
Positional Number System

Characteristics
Use only a few symbols called digits.
These symbols represent different values
depending on the position they occupy in the
number.
Positional Number System

The value of each digit is determined by:

1. The digit itself.
2. The position of the digit in the number.
3. The base of the number system.
(base = total number of digits in the number
system)
The maximum value of a single digit is always
equal to one less than the value of the base.
Decimal Number System

Characteristics
A positional number system.
Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Hence, its base = 10.
The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less
than the value of the base).
Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (10).
We use this number system in our day-to-day life.
Decimal Number System

Example:

(2586)10 = 258610 = 2586

(2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100) =
2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System

Characteristics
A positional number system.
Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1).
Hence its base = 2.
The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one
less than the value of the base).
Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of the base (2).
This number system is used in computers.
Binary Number System

Example
101012 =
(1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20) =
16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1= 2110
How to represent numbers

In order to be specific about which number system

we are referring to, it is a common practice to
indicate the base as a subscript. Thus, we write:
101012 = 2110
Bit

Bit stands for binary digit.

A bit in computer terminology means either a 0
or a 1.
A binary number consisting of n bits is called
an n-bit number.
Octal number system

Characteristics
A positional number system.
Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8.
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one
less than the value of the base.
Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of the base (8).
Octal number system

Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 = 8) are

sufficient to represent any octal number in binary.
Example
20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System

Characteristics
A positional number system.
Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16.
The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the
decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively.
The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less
than the value of the base)
Hexadecimal Number System

Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the

base (16).
Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (2 4 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in binary.
Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110
Converting from another base to decimal

Method
Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of
each digit.
Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by
the digits in the corresponding columns.
Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products.
Converting from another base to decimal

47068 = ?10
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1
= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6
= 250210
Converting from Decimal to another base

Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be
converted by the value of the new base.
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the
rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the new
base number.
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide
by the new base.
Converting from Decimal to another base

Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the

next digit (to the left) of the new base number.

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from

right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in
Step 3.
Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be
the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base
number.
Converting from Decimal to another base

Example:
Converting from one base to another base

Method
Step 1: Convert the original number to a
decimal number (base 10).
Step 2: Convert the decimal number so
obtained to the new base number.
Converting from one base to another base

Example
5456 = ?4
Solution:
Step 1: Convert from base 6 to base 10
5456 = 5 x 62 + 4 x 61 + 5 x 60
= 5 x 36 + 4 x 6 + 5 x 1
= 180 + 24 + 5
= 20910
Converting from one base to another base
Shortcut to convert binary to octal number

Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three
starting from the right.
Step 2: Convert each group of three binary
digits to one octal digit using the method of
binary to decimal conversion.
Shortcut to convert binary to octal number

Example
11010102 = ?8
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3 starting from
right.
001 101 010
Step 2: Convert each group into one octal digit
0012 = 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 1
1012 = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 5
0102 = 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 2
Hence, 11010102 = 1528
Shortcut to convert octal to binary number

Method
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit
binary number (the octal digits may be treated
as decimal for this conversion).
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups
(of 3 digits each) into a single binary number.
Shortcut to convert octal to binary number
Shortcut to convert binary to hexadecimal
number

Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of four
starting from the right.
Step 2: Convert each group of four binary digits
to one hexadecimal digit.
Shortcut to convert binary to hexadecimal
number
Shortcut to convert hexadecimal to binary
number

Method
Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each
hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number.
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups
(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number.
Shortcut to convert hexadecimal to binary
number
Shortcut to convert hexadecimal to binary
number
Fractional Numbers
Fractional numbers in binary numbers
Thank you.