Characteristics,

Processes and
Ethics of
Research
OBJECTIVES
describe the characteristics of
research
illustrate the processes of
research; and

define ethics in research

CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
 ACTIVITY
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different
characteristics of research. Place the correct letter in each box.

SY S T E M A T I C
 ACTIVITY
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different
characteristics of research. Place the correct letter in each box.

O B JE C T I V E
 ACTIVITY
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different
characteristics of research. Place the correct letter in each box.

F E AS I BL E
 ACTIVITY
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different
characteristics of research. Place the correct letter in each box.

E M P I R I C A L
 ACTIVITY
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different
characteristics of research. Place the correct letter in each box.

C L E A R
 • The researcher needs to carry out a series of
interrelated steps in conducting the study. S
1. Research procedure must follow a well-planned,
sequential and organized structure from
beginning to end.
should be
• The research paper is divided into
systematic. macrosystem and microsystem.
 • The researcher needs to present informati
that are purely based on truths. It should
2. Research always be anchored on the factual basis in
which the research work is founded, thus
being free from any bias or personal
should be opinion.

objective.
 • The researcher needs to consider the
possibility and practicality of conducting
3. Research the proposed study. All significant factors
like time, budget and access to resources
must be analyzed to determine if the
should be research can actually be done.

feasible.
 • The researcher needs to employ
appropriate methods, either
quantitatively or qualitatively, to
4. Research produce evidence-based information.
They can be drawn from concrete
should be experimentation, direct or indirect
observation, and verifiable
experience.
empirical.
 • The researcher needs to use
5. Research comprehensible language to presen
information and convey explanation
throughout the research process.
should be
clear.
 ACCEPT OR
REJECT
Identify whether the following scenarios show different
characteristics of a good research.

1. Organizing the study in a logical manner ACCEPT

2. Disregarding the basis on which the work is founded
REJECT
3. Validating the results of the study ACCEPT
4. Basing on biases REJECT
5. Analyzing phenomena of importance ACCEPT
 ACCEPT OR
REJECT
Identify whether the following scenarios show different
characteristics of a good research.

6. Providing fabricated information REJECT

7. Presenting opinions REJECT
8. Considering the extraordinary nature of things
ACCEPT
9. Evaluating sources of information ACCEPT
10. Counterchecking different evidence ACCEPT
THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
FIVE PHASES OF
RESEARCH
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Define the research problem.
To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-life
problem. Factors like area of interest, availability of fund,
socio-economic significance of the study, and the safety
measures to be undertaken should be considered in finding and
defining the research problem.
2. Review the literature.
Read various publications or surf the internet to become aware
of the previous works already done about the chosen topic. You
may utilize different
resources like science books, magazines, journals, newspapers,
or even in the internet.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical
relationship between variables. It should be based on the
problem being solved.
4. Prepare the research design.
Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data in
the study to clarify and improve the research problem, purpose,
and questions.
5. Collect data.
Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the needed
information.

6. Analyze data.
Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
Put the information in perspective and present the solution to
the proposed problem based on the findings of the
investigation.
 ARRANGE ALL YOU
CAN
Arrange the following steps to illustrate the research process.
Use one to seven (1-7) to indicate the correct chronological
order.

4 Prepare the research

__
design 6 Analyze data
___
7 Interpret and report the
___ 2 Review the literature
___
findings 5 Collect data
___
___
1 Define the research 3 Formulate hypothesis
___
problem
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 Ethics is a branch of knowledge
that deals with moral principles
WHAT on governing a person’s behavior
in the conduct of any activity.
IS
ETHICS
 WORD SEARCH

• Adhering to the facts

1. HONESTY

• The researcher should strive to truthfully report data

in whatever form of communication all throughout
the study
 WORD SEARCH

• Being free from biases

2. OBJECTIVITY
• The researcher should avoid being biased. The study
should not be influenced by his/her personal motives,
beliefs and opinions.
 WORD SEARCH

• Exhibiting morality
3. INTEGRITY
• The researcher should establish credibility through
the consistency of his/her thought and action. He/she
should act with sincerity especially on keeping
agreements.
 WORD SEARCH

• Showing concern
4. CARE
• The researcher should never neglect even the
smallest detail of the study. All information should
be critically examined. Records of research activities
should be properly and securely kept.
 WORD SEARCH

• Accepting differences
5. OPENNESS
• The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms
and new ideas for the betterment of the study.
Research results and findings should be shared to the
public.
 WORD SEARCH

• Expressing high regard

6. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
• The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should
be given to who or where it is due. All authors cited
and sources used in the study should be properly
acknowledged.
Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results. Thus, it
constitutes claiming an intellectual property as one’s own
that can be penalized through Republic Act 8293 known as
the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
7. RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES
• The researcher should show courtesy to his/her
colleagues by treating them equally and fairly.
8. NON - DISCRIMINATION
• The researcher should not discriminate based on sex,
race, ethnicity, or any factor relating to scientific
competence and integrity. Thus, research should be open
to all people or entities who will participate in research.
 WORD SEARCH

• Keeping privacy
9. CONFIDENTIALITY
• The researcher should take steps to protect all
confidential communications or documents from
being discovered by others.
 WORD SEARCH

• Taking accountability
10. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
• The researcher should ensure that his/her work is clear,
honest, complete, accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding
wasteful and duplicate publication. It should likewise
refrain from selective, misleading, or ambiguous
reporting.
11. RESPONSIBLE MENTORING
• The researcher should teach responsible conduct of
research and share professional knowledge and skills
especially to new or less- experienced researchers.
12. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The researcher should promote social good by working
for the best interests and benefits of the environment and
society as a whole.
 WORD SEARCH

• Having adequate capabilities

13. COMPETENCE
• The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a study.
He/she should be equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure competent
results.
 WORD SEARCH

• Observing lawfulness
14. LEGALITY
• The researcher should know and abide by relevant
laws, institutional and government policies
concerning the legal conduct of research.
15. HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION
• The researcher should protect human lives by
preventing and minimizing harms and risks. He/she
should always uphold the human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy of human subjects to be used in the
study.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
1. Voluntary participation
• The research participants must be given the privilege to
exercise their free will whether to participate or not. They
have the right to refuse involvement in the study. Thus, any
person should not be forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
2. Informed consent
• The research participants must be provided with sufficient
information about the procedures and risks involved in the
research. It serves as an initial guide on why and how the study
will be conducted. Hence, the researcher must ensure that they
fully understood and agreed upon the study.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
3. Risk of harm
• The research participants must be protected from
any type of harm whether it may be physical, psychological, social,
or economic. The researcher must avoid, prevent, or minimize threats
especially when they are exposed and engaged in invasive and risky
procedures.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
4. Confidentiality
• The research participants must be assured of their privacy
particularly on personal information. The researcher must
secure that all information disclosed by them will not be
used without authorized access.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
5. Anonymity
• The research participants must remain anonymous or
unidentified throughout the study even to the researchers
themselves. They have the right to keep their identities
secret as they participate especially in case- sensitive
studies.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be
undertaken in order to correct the unethical practices
presented below.

Group 1. Bella, a graduating student, claimed the research

work of her classmate. She erased the name of the original
researcher and placed her own.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be
undertaken in order to correct the unethical practices
presented below.

Group 2. Joseph, the class president, forced his classmates to

participate in his study.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be
undertaken in order to correct the unethical practices
presented below.

Group 3. A group of research students secretly chose their

adviser as the subject of their research.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be
undertaken in order to correct the unethical practices
presented below.

Group 4. Sheila, an honor student, ranked last in the honor

roll because of non- participation in extra-curricular
activities. A qualitative research about her is conducted
without informing her.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be
undertaken in order to correct the unethical practices
presented below.

Group 5. Delbert, a senior high school student, is planning to

carry out his first research on the misbehavior of fellow
students during examinations. However, he has no idea on the
ethical guidelines in conducting such research.
 GO OR STOP ! ! !
Identify whether the following actions follow the ethical codes and
policies for research. Write GO if you think it is ethical, and STOP
if it is unethical.

GO 1. Securing the safety of research participants

STO 2. Rejecting criticisms from others
P
STO 3. Exposing personal identity of respondents
P
STO 4. Carrying out inconsistent actions
P
GO 5. Treating all peers equally
 GO OR STOP ! ! !
Identify whether the following actions follow the ethical codes and
policies for research. Write GO if you think it is ethical, and STOP
if it is unethical.

STO 6. Duplicating other publications

PGO 7. Obeying relevant laws

GO 8. Keeping agreements
GO 9. Searching from credible online sources of information

STO 10. Falsifying reported data and results

THANK
YOU !