CASE STUDIES ON

MIXED USE HIGH RISE

BUILDING
GROUP 2
• Rohit Thapa
• Deepan Gurung
• Jigdrel Dorji
• Sherab Dorji
• Jimmy Wangmo Dorji
• Jangchuk Dema
1. Kohinoor Square, Mumbai
28 lifts (24+4)
 Location

• Central location of the city

• Amongst the most ideal business
locations
• Convenient access routes from
North, South & East regions of the
city
 • Kohinoor Square is a semi-twin mixed use

Introduction
skyscraper.
• It comprises of a main skyscraper and a
residential skyscraper.
• One of the tallest mixed-use buildings in
India.
• Environmentally friendly building with floor
to ceiling insulated glazing to contain heat
and maximize natural light and an automatic
daylight dimming system
Design Concept

An iconic structure
drawn inspiration
from a diamond as
the name itself
suggests.
Site plan

Site area: 4.6

acres
Sun-wind Direction & Zoning
 Main Building
Vertical Zoning • First 5 floors: High end shopping
mall
• Remaining 47 floors:
Commercial offices
• Top 5 floors: Five Star Hotel
Residential Building
• First 13 floors: Parking area
• Rest 19 Floors: residences
Floor Areas Breakups
 Floor Areas: Main Building

GROUND FLOOR
PLAN

TYPICAL 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR
PLAN
Floor Areas: Main Building

5TH FLOOR PLAN

Floor Areas: Main Building

6TH FLOOR PLAN

7TH FLOOR PLAN
 Floor Areas: Main Building

• The first refuge floor is

provided here according to
the DCR rule
• In case of high-rise bldg.
more than 30 m then first
refuge floor shall be
provided at 24 m or first
habitable floor whichever is
higher. Thereafter at every
seventh habitable floor.

TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR PLAN- 11TH

FLOOR
 Floor Areas: Main Building

13TH FLOOR PLAN

 Floor Areas: Main Building

14TH FLOOR PLAN

 Floor Areas: Main Building

15TH FLOOR PLAN

 Floor Areas: Main Building

16TH FLOOR PLAN

 Central Core
Consists of:
• 3 Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving levels
25th to 39th
• Spaces between the lifts where a
lift lobby is not provided are used
as toilets with dust at either side: 2
lifts from this pack of 6 are
assessable to lower floors as well
• 1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels 1st
to 24th
• There is a lift bank at 24th floor .
• 2 services lifts travelling
throughout the building
• 2 Stair cases are also placed in the
core
Central Core
 Residential Building
• 132 units from 14th to 26th
floor 13 Stories of Parking
below PARKING-3500
(brought from BMC)
• Central core serves 3 lifts
and 1 services lifts
• There are 8 units on each
floor 6 on 17th floor which
is refuge floor UNITS- 2.5
bhk 3bhk 3.5 bhk
RESIDENCE BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
RESIDENCE BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
RESIDENCE BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
Services
 Services

• 15 double height landscaped

Sky Gardens and more than a
dozen double height Terraces,
to act as tranquil and
refreshing breakout zones.
• Low flow faucets, dual flush
toilets, grey water systems
and storm water & rainwater
management systems – all a
part of our commitment to
the environment
Structure System
• The structure comprises a concrete core and
posttensioned concrete slab and spandrel
beams.
• The average centre to centre distance between
columns is 9.5 m. The column is of 1.8 x 1.8 m .
• The tube system concept is based on the idea
that a building can be designed to resist lateral
loads.
• This assembly of columns and beams forms a
rigid frame that amounts to a dense and strong
structural wall along the exterior of the
building.
Foundation
• The combined pile raft
foundation system is
used . It is a
geotechnical composite
construction that
combines the bearing
effect of both
foundation elements
raft and piles .
• The pile raft foundation
system has recently
been widely used for
many structures ,
specially in high-rise
buildings.
 Fire Safety Measures
• Building is declared as no smoking area.
• Power supply is through raising mains.
• Cables used are FRLS.
• Insulation material for air conditioning system is Class “O” as per BS-476.
• Intelligent addressable fire alarm system will be provided.
• These will house smoke detectors, fire detectors, beam detectors, MCP, Hooters
• Intelligent fire alarm panel will identify exact zone for fire.
• System will disable door locks.
• Sprinklers will burst due to elevated temperature and water will be sprinkled.
• Fire hydrants are provided.
• System design is done based on NBC-2005 in terms of capacity and coverage.
• Smoke evacuation system is provided.
• Lift lobby and staircase pressurization system will trigger on.
• This will maintain clear escape path for people.
 Materials used
• The façade consists of faceted unitized
aluminium curtain walls with provisions for
high performance double glass façades on
the tower.
• Diamond edges of the building having
aluminium flashing with LED lighting are the
unique feature and make it complicated
façade design.
• All the Glasses are articulated glasses & can
sustain design wind pressure of 4.5 to 5.0
kPa.
• The building design makes it environmentally
friendly, using technologies such as floor-
toceiling insulated glazing to contain heat
and maximize natural light, and an automatic
daylight dimming system
 LEED Certified
• The Kohinoor square building is one of the first skyscraper building in
india to achieve a leadership in energy and environmental design
platinum rating for environmental sustainability a gold (leed)
certification from green building council. Construction of the Kohinoor
square started in early 2009, with an completion date of march 2013.
 Inference
• Different entries for all verticals ensures there is no
disturbances to the circulation of the entire building.
• Technologies like low flow faucets, dual flush toilets, grey
water systems and storm water & rain water management
systems and rain water harvesting made the building
environmental friendly.
• The negative spaces between the lifts where lift lobbies were
not provided were eliminated by providing toilets with ducts.
• The use of double skin façade system made it energy saving
• There is only one entry/exit to the parking area which may
disturb the flow of the circulation.
 LOTTE WORLD
TOWER
American architecture firm Kohn
Pedersen Fox,
LOCATION: SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
COMPLETED:FEB 09, 2017
420000 ㎡
GROSS FLOOR AREA:810,998M2
Ground floor area:304,081m2
HEIGHT:555M
123 FLOORS AND SIX UNDERGROUND FLOORS
HIGHEST OCCUPIED FLOOR IS 497 METERS.
260 hotel rooms

MIXED USED BUILDING WITH SHOPPING

MALL, RESIDENCES, OFFICE, HOTEL AND
OBSERVATION DECK ON TOP OF THE
BUILDING,
 CONCEPT:
Motifs emerging from
traditional pottery
and brushwork

KPF intended the shape to juxtapose the area's

mountainous topography, as well as be
"reflective of Korean artistry".
Lotte World Tower's elegant tapered shape
is a nod to traditional Korean art forms.
Though the shape of the design led to
challenging structural complexities, it was
effective at minimizing wind loads. 
Total parking bays:3000
 STRUCTURAL
• Reinforced concrete- core wall, mega columns, hotel slabs
• Steel: floor beams, deck slabs, out triggers, and belt trusses
• While the tapered form creates better mass distribution overall, the
aerodynamic profile and smaller surface area at the top of the building avoid
wind loads where they are greatest

• The owner, Lotte, selected a system of long-span spandrels for the office and
officetel floors, with spans of up to 24.5 m (80 ft) between mega-columns. At
the building corners, the long-span spandrels cantilever 14 m (46 ft) beyond the
mega-columns while bending to follow the building’s curved floors. These
corners posed significant challenges for meeting the stringent deflection and
vibration floor criteria.
EARTH QUAKE : MAGNITUDE 9
TYPHOON : 80M/S
CURTAIN WALL
21000 UNITS
17000 DIFFERENT SHAPES
DOUBLE DECK TOWER

TRAVELS 496M IN LESS THAN 60 SECONDS

2ND FLOOR – 121ST FLOOR(OBSERVATORY
DECK)
 DISASTER PREVENTION SYSTEM

• 509 sensors
and advanced
monitoring
system installed
in various place
of the building
• 161000
sprinklers and
more than
30000fre
alarms
15% energy is generated from renewal source
 BASIC INFORMATION
3. TAIPEI 101
• Location – Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan
• Architect – C.Y. Lee & Partners
• Structural Engineer – Shaw Shieh
• Construction Year – June 1999-2004
• Total Height – 508m
• No. of Floors – 101
• Plan Area – 50m X 50m
• Building Use – Office Complex + Mall
• Parking - 83,000 m2, 1800 cars
• Retail - Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2)
• Offices - Taiwan Stock Exchange (198,347 m2)
PLAN
VERTICAL MOVEMENT

• Elevators 61
•Traveling
upwards at 1008
meters/minute
(60.48
km/hour) and
downwards at
610 m/min. (36.6
km/hour).
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

FONDATION
DETAILS:
• There are a total of
380 1.5m dia. Tower
piles.
• Foundation depth
80 metres.

The structure is reinforced by a moment

frame system linking the column on all floors.

Massive steel outrigger trusses span

between the columns on every eight floors.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN WIND DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN

Above each 8-story module,

the tower ’waist’ and double-notched
corners for wind load reduction.
UNIQUE MATERIAL
INTERIOR DESIGN

Tuned mass damper:

• Suspended from 4 steel cable
Non-reflective Double Low-
E Glass Curtain Wall
 4. Turning Torso
General Overview
• Architect: Santiago Calatrava
• Location: Malmo,Sweden
• Construction: 2001-2005
• Type :mixed
• Struture: Core and slabs(concrete)
• Exoskeleton: Steel
• Levels: 56
• Façade area: 215,278sqft
• Net floor area: 227,710sqft
• Height: 190m
• Each floor area: 400m2
• Total residential space: 14,600m2(3-9 cubes) 147
apartment
• Total office space : 4,200m2 (1,2 cubes)
• Meeting facilities at top two level Concept
• Lounges 44 and 49 level • Based on sculpture “twisting torso”
• Gym, sauna and Jacuzzi 43 level exploring human body in
• Conference and party facilities : 7 level motion ,twisting as far as it can
naturally being pushed while staying
directly upright.
• Form is made up of 9 cubes each
individual cube containing five
stories.
• Twist 90 degree on its way up.
• Main Form
• Consist of 9 cubes
• Each of these cubes contain 5 stories

CUBE 3 CUBE 5

CUBE 7 CUBE 9
 Core Facade
• The core is main load bearing structure • Facade panels, made of glass (orange) and aluminium panel(yellow)
• Elevators shafts and staircase are located inside the • Total of 2800 panels and 2250 windows
core
PLANS
• The steel support is located on the exterior of the building Elevator
linked together by a spine, acting as the loading backbone • 3 lift service the residential part of building and
from winds turning torso meeting
• The steel support transfers shear force to the supporting
concrete core
 LATERAL LOADS

Steel pine
Cantilever floor slab Concrete core Foundation
 Wind loads
Twisted forms alleviating the effects of vortex-shedding induced by lateral wind loads
4. THE DC TOWERS
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
LOCATION
BASIC INFORMATION
 NAME - THE DC TOWER,
ALSO KNOWN AS DONAU CITY TOWERS.

 CITY - VIENNA, AUSTRIA.

 CONSTRUCTION YEAR - SUMMER, 2013.

 OWNER - WED.

 ARCHITECT - DOMINIQUE PERRAULT

 TOTAL HEIGHT : 220 m. (250m TO TIP)

 NO. OF FLOORS – 60 (ABOVE GROUND)

4 (BELOW GROUND)

 FLOOR AREA – 93, 600 m2.


 CONCEPT

TWO BLOCKS FACE TO FACE

The idea was to create a very specific urban space with a piazza between the two building.
The design was conceived as two pieces of a giant monolith that split into unequal halves
and open to create undulating, shimmering surfaces where the rupture occurs. The face of
the tower also refers to liquid façade evoking the surface of river.
SITE PLAN
DANUBE RIVER

THE DC TOWER
PLAN
 PLANS

TERRACES PLAN OFFICE PLAN LOFT PLAN

SECTION
SPACES

 PARKING – 15958 M2 (17%)

 SHOP – 5654 M2 (6%)

 GYM – 2985 M2 (3%)

 HOTEL – 17306 M2 (18.5%)

 OFFICE – 1- 28941 M2 (31%)

2- 10661 M2 (11.5%)

 LOFTS – 4745 M2 (5%)

 RESTAURANT – 2340 M2 (2.5%)

 TECHNICAL AREA – 5176 M2 (5.5%)

STRUCTURE
 STUDIO GANG ARCHITECTS
JEANNE GANG

AQUA
CHICAGO, UNITED STATE OF AMERICA
MODERN
2006-2010

82 FLOORS

TOWER
262M
185000SQM

STUDIO GANGS
HOTEL/RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL

476 APARTMENTS
215 HOTEL ROOMS
5100SQM OF OFFICE SPACES

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: CONCRETE

CONTEXT NAVY
CHICAGO, ILLINIOS, USA PIER

SITE

LAKE MICHIGAN
 NORTH
SHORELINE

NAVY
PIER

LAKESHORE EAST
GATEWAY

SITE

LAKE MICHIGAN
 NORTH
SHORELINE

NAVY
PIER

LAKESGORE EAST
GATEWAY

SITE

BP BRIDGE

CLOUD GATE
LAKE MICHIGAN
LOCATION
22 NORTH COLUMBUS DRIVE
APPROACH
UPPER NORTH COLUMBUS DRIVE
 CONCEPT
POOL ON THE FACADE

The design was inspired by the striated limestone.

Where slabs provide shading, clear, low-emissivity

glass is used. Where they do not, a higher
performing glass is introduced. The higher
reflectivity responds to this specific condition,
creating a series of “pools” on the facade.
 CONCEPT
POOL ON THE FACADE

Design is a result of the cumulative strategies and

responses to specific conditions.

Instead of a single formal gesture, its form arises

from the desire to make a facade that can be
occupied. Here descriptive formal terms such as
wave, swell, cleft, and flare are used to identify
emerging patterns on the tower
PROGRAM
MIXED USE COMPONENT

Parking
The tower has 5 levels of parking(1557spots)
underground(60,000 m2).

Offices
The first 3 Floors(podium) are for 5100 m2 commercial
offices, retails and lobby.

Amenities
On the floors of the tower base and surrounded by terraced
gardens that occupy 7669 m2, located two floors are
dedicated to different areas of entertainment, barbecues,
swimming pools, Jacuzzis, saunas, jogging track, reading
rooms and a spa and other services.

Hotel
From level 1 to 18, the tower offers 215 hotel rooms.

Residential Units
476 apartments on levels 19-52.
263 condominium and penthouses on levels 53-80.
PROGRAM
MIXED USE COMPONENT

Dimension of the each floor is 25m by Unit Total

49m cantilever slab not included. Spaces Area(m2) Qty Area(m2)
Parking(underground 6
Each residential unit vary from 112- floors) 35-40 1557(lots) 60000
220m2 totalling about 900-1100m2 per
each floor.
Offices(podium 3 floors) 5100

Elevator and staircase covers an area

about 200-250m2 per floors Amenities(base 2 floors) 7669(+1300)

Common compartment in the mid, Hotels (1-18) 112-220 215(units) 35000

covers an area 71m2.
112-220
Apartments (19-52) 476(units) 77000
Net area of each floor vary from 1200-
1600m2. Condos and Penthouses 112-220
(53-80) 263(units) 39000
Ceiling height an average of 3m with
300m slab. Grand total 224069
RESIDENTIAL UNIT
INTERIOR CONDITION

The residential floor plates are

laid out to ensure that
approximately 90% of its unit
have accessible balconies and
every unit has outward facing
windows.

BALCONY
 ELEVATOR
CORE
RESIDENTIAL UNIT STAIR CASE
INTERIOR CONDITION
SHEAR WALL

TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL FLOOR PLAN

STRUCTURE
MATERIALITY AND CONFIGURATION

The reinforced concrete structure is

supported by 31-foot-deep rock
caissons with average bearing
pressures of 500 ksf (ten times
normal). The caissons varied in
diameter from 1.5m to 3m, were
constructed
using 9,000-psi concrete, and were
firmly socketed 2m into solid
underlying bedrock.
STRUCTURE
MATERIALITY AND CONFIGURATION

The reinforced concrete structure is

supported by 31-foot-deep rock
caissons with average bearing
pressures of 500 ksf (ten times
normal). The caissons varied in
diameter from 1.5m to 3m, were
constructed using 9,000-psi
concrete, and were firmly socketed
2m into solid underlying bedrock.

The building first three levels utilize

steeling framing and act as a tray
upon which to pour the concrete.
The building is supported almost
entirely by large concrete columns
and the concrete floors slabs
extended beyond the tower’s
envelope.
STRUCTURE
MATERIALITY AND CONFIGURATION

The building exterior balconies not

only defines towers aesthetics but
also acts as mean of structural
expression. The tower achieves
maximal interior space by minimizing
slab thickness. The straightforward
nature of the building’s structural grid
further supports the idea of
maximizing interior space.
 ELEVATOR

STRUCTURE CORE
STAIR CASE
MATERIALITY AND CONFIGURATION
5000 SHEAR WALL

32400
6000
6000
5000

600x60 STRUCTURAL FLOOR PLAN

0
7800 7400 7300 7300 7400 7800
STRUCTURE CORE
CORE ASSEMBLY

Configured around a central core

to maximize the perimeter of the
building for hotel and residential
units, the vertical continuity of
MEP functions is situated along
side the elevator bays and central
amenities on each floor.
CENTRAL CORE
 FOR CONDOS/PENTHOUSE 1-82
STRUCTURE ELEVATOR
CORE ASSEMBLY
CORE

FOR APARTMENTS 1-52

CENTRAL CORE FOR HOTEL 1-18

STRUCTURE ELEVATOR
CORE ASSEMBLY CORE
SHEAR WALL

SHEAR WALL
STRUCTURE ELEVATOR
CORE
CORE ASSEMBLY
STAIR CASE
SHEAR WALL

FIRE EXIT STAIRCASE

STRUCTURE ELEVATOR
CORE
CORE ASSEMBLY STAIR CASE
SHEAR WALL

FIRE EXIT STAIRCASE

STRUCTURE ELEVATOR
CORE
STRENGTHENING METHOD
STAIR CASE
SHEAR WALL
COLUMNS

a concrete core, stepped concrete shear walls,

outrigger walls at levels 55 to 58 and 81 to 82,
belt walls at level 57 and concrete column
STRUCTURE
OUTRIGGER WALLS
81-82ND STOREY
STRENGTHENING METHOD

BELT WALLS
57TH STOREY
OUTRIGGER WALLS
55-58TH STOREY

The core and shear walls incorporate four ELEVATOR

different concrete strengths to optimize CORE

performance and consolidate strength while STAIR CASE

SHEAR WALL
the strategically located outriggers and belt
COLUMNS
walls broaden the stance of the building and
engage the building’s exterior columns to
resist sway.
AERODYNAMICS
WIND TUNNEL STUDIES

Initially thought to be in need of a mass

damping system to help mitigate the swaying
effects caused by wind load, wind tunnel
studies reveled otherwise. It was discovered
that the tower’s organically shaped floors
slabs disrupted the flow of wind around the
tower, effectively reducing the direct impact.
This in addition with the building efficient
concrete structural system eliminated the
necessity for a mass damper.
BUILDING SKIN
FAÇADE SYSTEM

Relying heavily upon its sweeping

floor plates to define its form, the
aqua tower's curtain wall system is
comprised of standard components
that take a decisive back seat to
the building’s grand formal gesture.
Featuring heat resistant fritted
glass, the tower’s curtain wall
system needs little extravagant
details to achieve its simple goal of
providing ample views to its tenants
while leaving interiors glare and
heating from the sun to a minimum.
BUILDING SKIN
FAÇADE SYSTEM
REFLECTION
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
The building curved floor plates give
the building soft yet compelling profile
unlike any tall building. Amazingly thin
slab and the shape of each unique
floor slab give structural benefits while
simultaneously crafting the iconic tower
profile. 738 SUBURB WOULD NEED 333
HOUSEHOLS ACRES TO ACCOMMODATE
ON .32 ACRE THE SAME NUMBER OF
HOUSEHOLDS.
For a tower of such height, the building
was constructed at a relatively low cost
and remarkably on schedule.

Although the thermal bridging

characteristics of its floor plate may be
the inefficient features but this tower
does saves thousand times more land
while also leaving very less carbon A TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD LOCATED IN AQUA WOULD PRODUCE 1.9
TONS OF CARBON PER YEAR. A TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD IN THE
footprint. SUBURB ABOVE WOULD PRODUCE 14 TONS OF CARBON PER YEAR
THANK YOU

FOR THE
ATTENTION
 Inferences
Case Study Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Case Study 4 Case Study 5 Case Study 6
1 (Kohinoor (Lotte World (Taipei 101) (Turning (The DC (Aqua Tower)
Square) Tower) Torso) Tower)

No. of Floors 57 Main 123 101, 56 60 87

building, 32 6 Basement 5 Basement 4 Basement
residential

Height 203 m 555m 449m 190m 220m, 250m 262m

508m to Tip with Tip

Core Central core Central core Central core Central Core Central Core Concrete
665 sq.m central core
Elevator/Lift 28 nos. 19 nos. • 61 nos. 5 nos. 18 nos. 24 nos.
•1008
meters/min
 Case Study Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Case Study 4 Case Study 5 Case Study 6
1 (Kohinoor (Lotte World (Taipei 101) (Turning (The DC (Aqua Tower)
Square) Tower) Torso) Tower)

Wind Design Articulated Notches and Twisted Metal Curved floor

glasses waist forms, vortex- umbrella –like slab
shedding, structure
Giant pin
attached to
ground
Seismic Design Tuned mass Tuned mass Shear wall and
damper damper belt wall

Materials Aluminium Non-reflective Aluminium, Curtain wall, Concrete,

curtain wall, Double Low- Glasses, Glass, Steel, Glass,
Double walled E Glass Concrete, Aluminium, Curtain wall
glass façade, Curtain wall, Steel RCC
Aluminium
flashing steel, concrete
 Case Study Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Case Study 4 Case Study 5 Case Study 6
1 (Kohinoor (Lotte World (Taipei 101) (Turning (The DC (Aqua Tower)
Square) Tower) Torso) Tower)

Foundation Pile Cylindrical box Pile Caisson

Type foundation foundation foundation,
socket into
rock bottom
Structure Tube System, Diagrid, Belt -Moment Sliced system, Orthogonal
Design Rigid Frame, trusses frame system grid system,
Post -Outrigger with outrigger
Tensioned trusses wall, shear
Concrete Slab -Belt trusses wall and belt
& Spandrel walls
Beams
Area Programming
THANK YOU