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Linear Algebra Week 1

This document defines key concepts in linear algebra related to matrices. It explains that a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers and defines common types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, zero matrices, and identity matrices. It also covers matrix notation, transpose of a matrix, symmetric matrices, diagonal matrices, and triangular matrices.

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Albert Gence
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26 views

Linear Algebra Week 1

This document defines key concepts in linear algebra related to matrices. It explains that a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers and defines common types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, zero matrices, and identity matrices. It also covers matrix notation, transpose of a matrix, symmetric matrices, diagonal matrices, and triangular matrices.

Uploaded by

Albert Gence
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

Matrices
 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
These numbers are called the elements of
 the matrix. If the matrix has rows and

columns, it is said to be , or to have order .


 Example 1. is a 3 × 4 matrix.
 A square matrix is a matrix with the same
number of rows and columns. Thus, a square
matrix is for some value of .

 Example 2. is a square 3 × 3
matrix.
 A row matrix is a matrix with only one row.
Note: A row matrix is sometimes
 written as .
 A column matrix is a matrix with only one

column and is more often called a vector.


 Any row of a matrix is a row matrix, and any

column is a column matrix.


Example 3. Row and column matrices.
 is a row matrix, is a column matrix.

 Example 4. The 2nd row of the 3 × 4 matrix


 is the 1 × 4 row matrix

Matrix Notation
 Each element of a matrix has its own
particular location which can be defined by a
system of double indices, the first indicating
the row, the second the column.
 Example 5.

 Matrix can be denoted by a single general


element in brackets, or by a single capital
letter.
 Equal matrices. Two matrices are equal if all
the corresponding elements are equal. Thus,
the two matrices must also be of the same
order.
 Example 6.
 Zero matrices
 A zero matrix (or null matrix) is a matrix with

every element zero.


 Example 7. is the 2 × 3 zero matrix.

 The 1×1 zero matrix is just the number 0.


Transpose of a Matrix
 The transpose of an m × n matrix is the n ×
m matrix . The rows of
 become the corresponding columns of .
 Example 8. If then
 Example 9.
 Note that if we take the transpose of a
transpose, we get back to the original matrix.
That is .
 Example 10. Given that

 Show that .
Symmetric Matrix
 A is said to be symmetric if or equivalently
that the element of A is equal to the
element of A. If A is symmetric then it must
be a square matrix.
 This is seen as follows: Let A be m × n, then

it follows that is n × m. If then m = n and A


is square.
 Example 11. and so
this

 matrix is symmetric.
 Antisymmetric Matrix
 A is said to be antisymmetric if . Again, if A is

antisymmetric then A is square.


 Diagonal elements
 A diagonal element of a matrix is an element

for which the row and column indices are the


same, i.e., elements .
 The straight line through the diagonal

elements of A is called the diagonal of A.


 Diagonal Matrix
 A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all

its non-diagonal elements zero. Diagonal


element may or may not be zero.
 Identity Matrix
 An identity matrix (or unit matrix) is a

diagonal matrix with all its diagonal elements


equal to one (and all the rest 0).
 Example 12. Identity matrices of order 4,2

and 1.
 Triangular matrices .
 An upper-triangular matrix is a square matrix

with only zero elements below its diagonal.


 Elements on or above the diagonal may of

may not be zero.


 A lower-triangular matrix is a square matrix

with only zero elements above its diagonal.


 Elements on or below the diagonal may of

may not be zero.


 Example 13.
 is upper-triangular.

 is lower-triangular.

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