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Hybridization

Hybridization is the crossing of two plants or lines of different genotypes to create variation. It involves preventing self-pollination of the female parent and ensuring pollen from the desired male parent reaches the stigma. The resulting seeds and progeny are known as hybrids or F1. Types of hybridization include intervarietal (same species) and distant (different species or genera). The objective is to create variation and new gene combinations by bringing together parental genes. Successful hybridization requires selecting appropriate parents, emasculating and crossing flowers, and harvesting F1 seeds.

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404 views

Hybridization

Hybridization is the crossing of two plants or lines of different genotypes to create variation. It involves preventing self-pollination of the female parent and ensuring pollen from the desired male parent reaches the stigma. The resulting seeds and progeny are known as hybrids or F1. Types of hybridization include intervarietal (same species) and distant (different species or genera). The objective is to create variation and new gene combinations by bringing together parental genes. Successful hybridization requires selecting appropriate parents, emasculating and crossing flowers, and harvesting F1 seeds.

Uploaded by

Mohaajanan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hybridization

The mating or crossing of two plants or


lines of dissimilar genotype is known as
hybridization.
In plants, crossing is done by placing
pollen grains from one genotype, the
male parent, on to the stigma of flowers
of the other genotype, the female parent.
It is essential to prevent self-pollination as
well as chance cross-pollination in the
flowers of the female parent.
At the same time, it must be ensured that the
pollen from desired male parent reaches the
stigma of female flowers for successful
fertilization.
The seeds as well as the progeny resulting
from the hybridization are known as hybrid
or F1.
The progeny of F1, obtained by selfing or
intermitting of F1 plants, and the subsequent
generations are termed as segregating
generations.
TYPES OF HYBRIDIZATION
The plants or lines involved in hybridization
may belong to the same variety, different
varieties of the same species, different
species of the same genus or species from
different genera. Based on the taxonomic
relationship of the two parents, hybridization
may be classified into two broad groups :
1. Intervarietal and
2. Distant hybridization
Intervarietal Hybridization
The parents involved in hybridization belong to
the same species ; they may be two strains,
varieties or races of the same species. It is also
known as intra specific hybridization.
In crop improvement programmes, intervarietal
hybridization is the most commonly used. In
fact, it is so common that it may often appear
to be the only form of hybridization used in
crop improvement. an example would be
crossing of two
varieties of wheat, rice or some other crop.
The intervarietal crosses may be simple
or complex depending upon the number
of parents involved.
Simple Cross : In a simple cross, two parents
are crossed to produce the F1. The F1 is selfed
to produce F2 or is used in a backcross
programme, e.g.,
AXB F1 (A X B)
Complex Cross : more than two parents
are crossed to produce the hybrid, which
is then used to produce F2 or is used in a
backcross. Such a cross is also known as
convergent cross because this crossing
programme aims at converging, i.e.,
bringing together, genes from several
parents into a single hybrid.
Distant Hybridization
Distant hybridization includes crosses
between different species of the same
genus or of different genera. When two
species of the same genus are crossed, it
is known as inter specific hybridization;
but when they belong to two different
genera, it is termed as inter generic
hybridization.
Objective of hybridization
The chief objective of hybridization is to
create variation. When two genotypically
different plants are crossed, the genes
from both the parents are brought
together in Fl.
Segregation and recombination produce
many new gene combinations in F2 and
subsequent generations.
The degree of variation produced depends
on the number of heterozygous genes in
Fl.
The number of heterozygous genes in F1 in
turn depends on number of genes for
which the two parents differ. If the parents
are not related they may differ for several
genes.
Combination breeding
The main aim of combination breeding is the
transfer of one or more characters into a single
variety from other varieties. These characters
may be governed by oligogenes or polygenes.
In this approach, increase in yield is obtained
by correcting the weaknesses in the yield
contributing traits like tiller number, grains per
panicle, seed weight of the concerned variety.
Example for combination breeding is disease
resistance achieved by backcross breeding.
Pedigree method is also another example.
Transgressive breeding
Transgressive segregation is the production
of plants in F2 generation that are
superior to both the parents for one or
more characters. Such plants are
produced by the accumulation of
favourable genes from both the parents as
a consequence of recombination.
In this case the parents involved in
hybridization must combine well with each
other and preferably be genetically
diverse. This way, each parent expected to
contribute different plus genes which when
brought together by recombination gives
rise to transgresive segregation. The
pedigree method as well as population
approach are designed to produce
transgresive segregants.
Pre-requisites for hybridization
Breeder should have clear knowledge about the
following before taking up hybridization.
1. Requirements of the tract
2. Local conditions i.e. soil, climate, Agronomic
practices and market requirements
3. Existing varieties of crops both local and
introduced
4. Facilities like funds, land, labour and
equipment
5. Plant material i.e. germplasm
6. Objectives : Well set objectives and
planning
Procedure of hybridization
Details of the following steps have to be
covered in Practical classes
1. Choice or selection of parents
2. Evaluation of parents i.e. by selfing and
studying the progeny
3. Emasculation
4. Crossing or pollination
5. Bagging & Labelling
6. Harvesting of F1 seed
7. Raising F1 generation
From F2 onwards the generations are known as
segregating generations and they may be
handled either by pedigree method of Bulk
method or backcross method for evolving new
Varieties.

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