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Chap3 Part2

This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes three main factors that control motor speed: flux, armature resistance, and applied voltage. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by varying field current, and through armature resistance control by adding a rheostat in series. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control using field divertors or armature divertors, trapped field control adjusting field turns, or paralleling field coils. Variable resistance can also be added in series with the motor armature to control speed.

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Alazar Getachew
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Chap3 Part2

This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes three main factors that control motor speed: flux, armature resistance, and applied voltage. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by varying field current, and through armature resistance control by adding a rheostat in series. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control using field divertors or armature divertors, trapped field control adjusting field turns, or paralleling field coils. Variable resistance can also be added in series with the motor armature to control speed.

Uploaded by

Alazar Getachew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter3part2,

speed control of Dc motor


Factors Controlling Motor Speed

• It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying


• (i) flux/pole, Φ (Flux Control)
• (ii) resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control) and
• (iii) applied voltage V (Voltage Control).
• These methods as applied to shunt, compound and series
motors will be discussed below.
Speed Control of Shunt motors
• (i) Variation of Flux or Flux Control Method

• It is seen from above that N ∝ 1/Φ.

• By decreasing the flux, the speed can be increased and vice versa.

• Hence, the name flux or field control method.


• The flux of a d.c. motor can be changed by changing Ish with help of a
shunt field rheostat

• Since Ish is relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry only a
small current, which means I2R loss is small, so that rheostat is small in
size.
• This method is, therefore, very efficient.

• In non-interpolar machine, the speed can be increased by this


method in the ratio 2 : 1.

• Any further weakening of flux Φ adversely affects the


communication and hence puts a limit to the maximum speed
obtainable with the method.

• In machines fitted with interpoles, a ratio of maximum to


minimum speed of 6 : 1 is fairly common.
(ii) Armature or Rheostatic Control Method

• This method is used when speeds below the no-load


speed are required.
• As the supply voltage is normally constant, the
voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a
variable rheostat or resistance (called controller
resistance) in series with the armature circuit as
shown in Fig. 30.4 (a).
• As controller resistance is increased, p.d. across the
armature is decreased, thereby decreasing the
armature speed
• For a load constant torque, speed is
approximately proportional to the p.d. across
the armature.
• From the speed/armature current
characteristic ,it is seen that greater the
resistance in the armature circuit, greater is
the fall in the speed.
(iii) Voltage Control Method
• (a) Multiple Voltage Control
• In this method, the shunt field of the motor is connected
permanently to a fixed exciting voltage,
• but the armature is supplied with different voltages by
connecting it across one of the several different voltages by
means of suitable switchgear.
• The armature speed will be approximately proportional to
these different voltages.
• The intermediate speeds can be obtained by adjusting the
shunt field regulator.
• The method is not much used, however.
Speed Control of Series Motors
• 1. Flux Control Method
– (a) Field Divertors
– (b) Armature Divertor
– (c) Trapped Field Control Field
– (d) Paralleling Field coils
(a) Field Divertors
• The series winding are shunted by a variable resistance known
as field divertor (Fig. 30.10).
• Any desired amount of current can be passed through the
divertor by adjusting its resistance.
• Hence the flux can be decreased and consequently, the speed
of the motor increased.
Armature Divertor
• A divertor across the armature can be used for giving speeds
lower than the normal speed (Fig. 30.11).
• For a given constant load torque, if Ia is reduced due to
armature divertor, the Φ must increase.
• (∵ Ta ∝ Φ Ia).
• This results in an increase in current taken from the supply
(which increases the flux and a fall in speed (N ∝ I/Φ)).
• The variation in speed can be controlled by varying the
divertor resistance.
(c) Trapped Field Control Field
• This method is often used in electric traction and is
shown in Fig. 30.12.
• The number of series filed turns in the circuit can be
changed at will as shown.
• With full field, the motor runs at its minimum speed
which can be raised in steps by cutting out some of
the series turns.
(d) Paralleling Field coils
• In this method, used for fan motors, several
speeds can be obtained by regrouping the
field coils as shown in Fig. 30.13.
2. Variable Resistance in Series with Motor

• By increasing the resistance in series with the


armature (Fig. 30.14) the voltage applied across
the armature terminals can be decreased.
• With reduced voltage across the armature, the
speed is reduced.
• However, it will be noted that since full motor
current passes through this resistance, there is
a considerable loss of power in it.

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