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Database Management Systems

Data Models

by
GOWRU BHARATH KUMAR
M.Tech, (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
 Data Model
• Data Model gives us an idea that how the final system will look like after its
complete implementation.
(Or)
• It defines the data elements and the relationships between the data elements.

(Or)
• Data Models are used to show how data is stored, connected, accessed and updated
in the database management system.
• Here, we use a set of symbols and text to represent the information so that members of
the organization can communicate and understand it.
• Though there are many data models being used nowadays but the Relational model is
the most widely used model. Apart from the Relational model, there are many other
types of data models.
Hierarchical Model
 Hierarchical Model

• Hierarchical Model was the first DBMS model.

• This model organizes the data in the hierarchical tree structure, with a
single root, to which all the other data is linked.
• The hierarchy starts from the root which has root data and then it expands
in the form of a tree adding child node to the parent node.
• This model easily represents some of the real-world relationships like food
recipes, index of a book, sitemap of a website etc. 
 Example-1 
We can represent the relationship between the shoes present on a shopping
website in the following way:
 Example-2 
one department can have many courses, many professors and of-course many
students.
 Features of a Hierarchical Model
• One-to-many relationship: The data here is organized in a tree-like structure where the
one-to-many relationship is between the data types. Also, there can be only one path from
parent to any node. Example: In the above example, if we want to go to the
node sneakers we only have one path to reach there i.e through men's shoes node.

• Parent-Child Relationship: Each child node has a parent node but a parent node can have
more than one child node. Multiple parents are not allowed.

• Deletion Problem: If a parent node is deleted then the child node is automatically deleted.

• Pointers: Pointers are used to link the parent node with the child node and are used to
navigate between the stored data. Example: In the above example the 'shoes' node points to
the two other nodes 'women shoes' node and 'men's shoes' node.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Hierarchical
Model
Advantages of Hierarchical Model
• It is very simple and fast to traverse through a tree-like structure.
• Any change in the parent node is automatically reflected in the child node so,
the integrity of data is maintained.

Disadvantages of Hierarchical Model

• Complex relationships are not supported.
• As it does not support more than one parent of the child node so if we have
some complex relationship where a child node needs to have two parent node
then that can't be represented using this model.
• If a parent node is deleted then the child node is automatically deleted.
 For watching/ Explanation
• Please click on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyTO0dwB-iQ&t=795s
Network Model
 Network Model

• Network model is an extension of the hierarchical model.

• It was the most popular model before the relational model.
• This model is the same as the hierarchical model, the only difference is that
a record can have more than one parent. It replaces the hierarchical tree
with a graph. 
• In this database model data is more related as more relationships are
established in this database model. Also, as the data is more related, hence
accessing the data is also easier and fast.
 Example-1
In the example below we can see that node student has two parents i.e. CSE
Department and Library. This was earlier not possible in the hierarchical
model.
Example-2
 Features of a Network Model
• Ability to Merge more Relationships: In this model, as there are more
relationships so data is more related. This model has the ability to manage
one-to-one relationships as well as many-to-many relationships.

• Many paths: As there are more relationships so there can be more than
one path to the same record. This makes data access fast and simple.

• Circular Linked List: The operations on the network model are done with
the help of the circular linked list. The current position is maintained with
the help of a program and this position navigates through the records
according to the relationship.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Network
Model
Advantages of Network Model
• The data can be accessed faster as compared to the hierarchical model. This is
because the data is more related in the network model and there can be more than
one path to reach a particular node. So the data can be accessed in many ways.
• As there is a parent-child relationship so data integrity is present. Any change in
parent record is reflected in the child record.

Disadvantages of Network Model

• As more and more relationships need to be handled the system might get complex.
So, a user must be having detailed knowledge of the model to work with the model.
• Any change like updation, deletion, insertion is very complex.
 For watching/ Explanation
• Please click on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPbKSxOfKaA&t=12s
Entity-Relationship Model
 Entity-Relationship Model

• Entity-Relationship Model or simply ER Model is a high-level data model

diagram.
• In this model, we represent the real-world problem in the pictorial form to
make it easy for the stakeholders to understand.
• It is also very easy for the developers to understand the system by just looking
at the ER diagram.
• We use the ER diagram as a visual tool to represent an ER Model.
• ER diagram has the following three components: (Entities, Attributes and
Relationship)
 Entity-Relationship Model Cont…
Entities: Entity is a real-world thing/ real-world object. It can be a person, place,
or even a concept. 
Example: Teachers, Students, Course, Building, Department, etc are some of the
entities of a School Management System.
Attributes: An entity contains a real-world property called attribute. This is the
characteristics of that attribute. 
Example: The entity teacher has the property like teacher id, salary, age, etc.
Relationship: Relationship tells how two entities are related. 
Example: Teacher works for a department.
E-R Diagram Symbols
 Example-1
• In the below diagram, the entities are Teacher and Department. The attributes
of Teacher entity are Teacher_Name, Teacher_id, Age, Salary,
Mobile_Number. The attributes of Department entity are Dept_id,
Dept_name. The two entities are connected using the relationship. Here,
each teacher works for a department.
Example-2
Example- 3
Example- 4
Example- 5
 Features of ER Model

• Graphical Representation for Better Understanding: It is very easy and

simple to understand so it can be used by the developers to communicate
with the stakeholders.
• ER Diagram: ER diagram is used as a visual tool for representing the
model.
• Database Design: This model helps the database designers to build the
database and is widely used in database design.
 Advantages & Disadvatages of ER Model
Advantages of ER Model
• Simple: Conceptually ER Model is very easy to build. If we know the
relationship between the attributes and the entities we can easily build the ER
Diagram for the model.
• Effective Communication Tool: This model is used widely by the database
designers for communicating their ideas.
• Easy Conversion to any Model: This model maps well to the relational model
and can be easily converted relational model by converting the ER model to
the table. This model can also be converted to any other model like network
model, hierarchical model etc.
Disadvantages of ER Model
• No industry standard for notation: There is no industry standard for developing
an ER model. So one developer might use notations which are not understood by
other developers.
• Hidden information: Some information might be lost or hidden in the ER
model. As it is a high-level view so there are chances that some details of
information might be hidden.
 For watching/ Explanation

please click on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFk-IXBJeQ8&t=1205s
Relational Model
 Relational Model

• Relational Model is the most widely used model.

• In this model, the data is maintained in the form of a two-dimensional
table.
• All the information is stored in the form of row and columns.
• The basic structure of a relational model is tables.
• So, the tables are also called relations in the relational model. 
• Example: In this example, we are discuss about Student table.
Example: students table
 Features of Relational Model

• Tuples/ Rows/ Records: Each row in the table is called tuple. A row
contains all the information about any instance of the object. In the above
example, each row has all the information about any specific individual
like the first row has information about Alex.
• Fields/ Columns/Attributes: Attributes are the property which defines the
table or relation. The values of the attribute should be from the same
domain. In the above example, we have different attributes of
the studente like sid, sname,sage, sclass, ssection , etc.
 Advantages of Relational Model
• Simple: This model is more simple as compared to the network and
hierarchical model.
• Scalable: This model can be easily scaled as we can add as many rows and
columns we want.
• Structural Independence: We can make changes in database structure
without changing the way to access the data. When we can make changes to
the database structure without affecting the capability to DBMS to access the
data we can say that structural independence has been achieved.
 Disadvantages of Relational Model
• Hardware Overheads: For hiding the complexities and making things easier for the
user this model requires more powerful hardware computers and data storage
devices.

• Bad Design: As the relational model is very easy to design and use. So the users
don't need to know how the data is stored in order to access it. This ease of design
can lead to the development of a poor database which would slow down if the
database grows.

But all these disadvantages are minor as compared to the advantages of the
relational model. These problems can be avoided with the help of proper
implementation and organization.
 create a table using SQL
• The create table statement is used to define a new table.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    column3 datatype,
   ....
);

Now we will create the student table with the fields sid, name, login, age, gpa.
Query: CREATE TABLE Students
( sid CHAR(20),
name CHAR(30),
login CHAR(20),
age INTEGER,
gpa REAL);
 Inserting data into table
• The table is created with the fields sid, name, login, age, gpa.

sid Name Login Age gpa

• Now we will insert the data into the table. (we can insert a single tuple into
the students table as follows)
Query:
insert into students (sid, name, login, age, gpa) values (1, ‘bharath’,
‘[email protected]’, 29, 7.1)

Now the table is looks like below

Sid Name Login Age gpa

1 bharath [email protected] 29 7.1
 Queries
Insert any 2 student details into the students table

insert into students (sid, name, login, age, gpa) values (‘2’, ‘kumar’,
‘[email protected]’, 19, 9.1)

insert into students (sid, name, login, age, gpa) values (‘3’, ‘raju’, ‘[email protected]’,
17, 5.1)

Question1: Display all the details of students

Answer: Select * from students;

Question 2: Display all the student names

Answer: Select name from students;

Question3: Display all the student names of age 29

Answer: Select name from students where age=29;
 Practice

1) Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa: real)
2) Faculty(fid: string, fname: string, sal: real)
3) Courses( cid: string, cname: string, credits: integer)
4) Rooms(no: integer, address: string, capacity: integer)
5) Enrolled (sid: string, cid: string, grade: string)
6) Teaches(fid: string, cid: string)
7) Meets_In( cid: string, rno: integer, time: string)
 For watching/ Explanation
• please click on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq7s6HibSCg&t=186s
Object-Oriented Data Model
 Object-Oriented Data Model
• The real-world problems are more closely represented through the object-
oriented data model.
• In this model, both the data and relationship are present in a single
structure known as an object.
• In this, real world problems are represented as objects with different
attributes. All objects have multiple relationships between them.
• In this model, two or more objects are connected through links. We use this
link to relate one object to other objects.
• Basically, it is combination of Object Oriented programming and
Relational Database Model 
Example-1
 Components of Object Oriented Data Model
• Objects: An object is an abstraction of a real world entity or we can say it is an
instance of class. Objects encapsulates data and code into a single unit which
provide data abstraction by hiding the implementation details from the user.
For example: Instances of student, doctor, engineer in above figure.
• Attribute: An attribute describes the properties of object.
For example: Object is STUDENT and its attribute are Roll no, Branch in the
Student class.
• Methods: Method represents the behavior of an object. Basically, it represents
the real-world action.
For example: Finding a STUDENT marks in above figure as Setmarks().
• Class: A class is a collection of similar objects with shared structure i.e.
attributes, behavior i.e. methods. An object is an instance of class.
For example: Person, Student, Doctor, Engineer in above figure.
• Inheritance: By using inheritance, new class can inherit the attributes and
methods of the old class i.e. base class.
For example: as classes Student, Doctor and Engineer are inherited from the base
class Person.
 Example-2
In the below example, we have two objects Employee and Department. All the data and
relationships of each object are contained as a single unit. The attributes like Name,
Job_title of the employee and the methods which will be performed by that object are
stored as a single object. The two objects are connected through a common attribute i.e the
Department_id and the communication between these two will be done with the help of
this common id.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Object
Oriented Data Model
Advantages of Object Oriented Data Model
• Codes can ne reused due to inheritance.
• Easily understandable.
• Cost of maintenance can reduced due to reusability of attributes and
functions because of inheritance.

Disadvantages of Object Oriented Data Model 

• It is not properly developed so not accepted by users easily.
 For watching/ Explanation
• please click on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO4eeR7USQw&t=1455s
Object-Relational Model
 Object-Relational Model

• It is a combination of both the relational model and the object-oriented

model.
• This model was built to fill the gap between object-oriented model and the
relational model.
• We can have many advanced features like we can make complex data types
according to our requirements using the existing data types.
Disadvantage:
• The problem with this model is that this can get complex and difficult to
handle. So, proper understanding of this model is required.
THANK YOU