DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING

PREFACE
• 1953: IATA Members recognized the growing demand to transfer
hazardous materials by air, which if unchecked might endanger the
safety of passengers, crew, or aircraft.
• Every year more than 1.25 million dangerous goods shipments are
transported by air. With air cargo growth predicted at 4.9% every year
over the next 5 years the number of dangerous goods shipments will
rise significantly.
 What are Dangerous Goods?
“Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to
health, safety, property or the environment and which are
shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical
Instructions or which are classified according to those
Instructions.
- ICAO Annex 18
“A dangerous good (also known as hazardous material or
hazmat) is any substance or material that is capable of
posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property
when transported in commerce. Identifying dangerous
goods is the first step to reduce the risks posed by the
product with proper packaging, communication, handling,
and stowage.”
- Federal Aviation Administration
Dangerous Goods Regulations
• In 1956 after 53 years since the invention of the airplane,
IATA published an order to regulate dangerous goods in air
cargo: Dangerous Goods Regulations
• Provides procedures for the shipper and the operator.
• An easy-to-use manual based on ICAO Technical Instructions
for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
• Incorporates additional operational requirements, which
provide a harmonized system for operators to accept and
transport dangerous goods safely and efficiently.
• Some dangerous goods have been identified as being too
dangerous to be carried on any aircraft under any
circumstances.
• Include a detailed list of individual articles and substances
specifying the united nations classification of each article or
substance and their acceptability for air transport as well as
the conditions for their transport.
• Packaging instructions normally require the use of UN
performance-tested specification packaging’s
Dangerous Goods Regulations
• All individuals involved in the preparation or transportation of
dangerous goods must be appropriately trained to perform their
duties properly.
• Proper declaration of dangerous goods by the shipper ensure
that all in the transportation chain know what dangerous goods
they are transporting. PIC must know what is on board the
aircraft in order to properly deal with any emergencies, which
may occur. The pilot must also convey this information, if
possible, to air traffic services to aid in the response to any
aircraft incident or accident
• Information regarding “Hidden Dangerous Goods” must also be
conveyed to passengers to assist them in recognizing dangerous
goods, which they are not permitted to carry on their person or
in their baggage and which may not be readily recognizable as
being dangerous.
• Lastly, dangerous goods accidents or incidents must be
reported, so that an investigation by the relevant authorities can
establish the cause and take corrective action. Also, if as a
result of these investigations changes are required in the
Regulations, appropriate regulatory action can be taken without
delay.
Accidents & Serious Incidents Involving Dangerous
Goods Which Resulted in a Fire
• A333, Manila Philippines, 2013 (On 7 October 2013 a fire was
discovered in the rear hold of an Airbus A330 shortly after it had
arrived at its parking stand after an international passenger flight.
The fire was eventually extinguished but only after substantial fire
damage had been caused to the hold. The subsequent Investigation
found that the actions of the flight crew, ground crew and airport fire
service following the discovery of the fire had all been unsatisfactory.
It also established that the source of the fire had been inadequately
packed dangerous goods in passengers checked baggage on the just-
completed flight.)
• B744, en-route, East China Sea: (On 28 July 2011, 50 minutes after
take off from Incheon, the crew of an Asiana Boeing 747-400F
declared an emergency advising a main deck fire and an intention to
divert to Jeju. The effects of the rapidly escalating fire eventually
made it impossible to retain control and the aircraft crashed into the
sea. The Investigation concluded that the origin of the fire was two
adjacent pallets towards the rear of the main deck which contained
Dangerous Goods shipments including Lithium ion batteries and
flammable substances and that the aircraft had broken apart in mid-
air following the loss of control.)
 DANGEROUS GOODS CLASSIFICATION AND
HAZARD CLASSES
Dangerous Goods are classified in one or more of the nine UN hazard classes
and, where applicable, to one of the three UN packing groups. The nine classes
relate to the type of hazard and some of them are further divided into hazard
divisions due to the wide scope of the class. The order in which they are
numbered is for convenience and does not imply a relative degree of danger.
 Class 1: Explosive

Class 1.1 Class 1.2 Class 1.3 Class 1.4 Class 1.5 Class 1.6
Substances and Substances and Substances and Explosives which Explosives with a Substances which
articles which articles which have articles which have are not a significant mass explosion are a minor
have a mass a projection a fire hazard and mass explosion hazard, but are explosion hazard,
explosion hazard hazard but not a either a minor hazard. insensitive very insensitive
mass explosion blast hazard or a substances. substances.
hazard minor projection
hazard or both,
but not a mass
explosion hazard
 Class 2: Gasses

Class 2.1 Class 2.2 Class 2.3

Gases that can ignite in air Gases that are non flammable Gases likely to cause death or
on contact with a source of but may cause asphyxiation serious injury to human health if
ignition. and/ or represent stored exposed or by skin contact
energy hazard.
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 3
Liquids, the vapors of which can
ignite in air on contact with a
source of ignition.
 Class 4: Flammable Solids

Class 4.1 Class 4.2 Class 4.3

Solids easily ignited by sparks Substances liable to Substance which emits
or flames, or liable to cause spontaneously heat up and flammable or toxic gases when
fire through friction ignite. wet
 Class 5: Oxidizing Substances and Organic Pesticides

Class 5.1 Class 5.2

Substances likely to increase the risk and Substances that are thermally unstable and likely
intensity of fire in other materials. to react dangerously with other substances
 Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances

Class 6.1 Class 6.2

Toxic substances likely to cause death or Infectious substances liable to cause death or
severe injury to human or animal health if severe injury to human or animal health if
swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact. swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact.
 Class 7: Radioactive Materials

Category I White Category II Yellow Category III Yellow

Articles with a Transport Articles with a Transport Index Transport Index more than 1 and
Index 0 and a maximum more than 0 and less than 1, less than 10, and the maximum
external radiation level of and the maximum external external radiation level 2 mSv/h.
not more than 5 uSv/h. radiation level more than 5
uSv/h, and less than 0.5
mSv/h.
Class 8: Corrosives
Class 8
Solids or liquids able to cause,
to varying severity, damage to
living tissue. Maybe either acidic
or caustic in nature. (Black and
white)
Class 9: Miscellaneous
Class 9
Substances and articles which
during transport present a
danger not covered by other
classes.
CONSOLIDATION OF
DANGEROUS GOODS
 PACKING AND PACKAGING
  BASIS FOR
COMPARISON PACKING PACKAGING

MEANING Packing implies the Packaging is the process

process of wrapping of creating a cover for
up of product into a the product which
case or container, identifies the brand and
for the purpose of also ensures its safety
protection. for storage and
transport.
INCLUDES Wrapping and Designing package,
storing the product labeling and sales
in a proper way. promotion.
OBJECTIVE To facilitate safety. To identify the brand
and attract customers.
THREE LEVELS OF
PACKAGING:
Primary Package: The immediate cover, in which the
product is made available, which can be a polythene
wrapper, tube, cane etc.
Secondary Package: Apart from the primary
packaging, one more package is provided to the product,
to ensure its safety. You might have seen a cardboard
box, in which the product is covered.
Final Packaging: Mainly for transportation and storage
purposes. You might have seen that when a product is
transported in large quantities, from one place to
another, a number of products are placed in cartons and
in this way several cartons are used to transport the
product, to protect them from any damage.
Dangerous Goods Packaging - incorrect & correct use
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_1Eu3Ss6AY
Dangerous Goods Markings and Labels
Marking - mainly refers to UN number, proper shipping names, UN specification marks and
other markings if applicable. (i.e. orientation arrows, environmental hazardous substances
mark for UN 3077 and UN 3082 and excepted quantities mark)
Labelling - identify the risks and hazards presented by those substances. (Hazard labels &
Handling labels)
Dangerous Goods Markings and Labels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNyQu2-rtGE
 How to Understand UN Package Identification Code?
UN Specification Marks for Solids Package identification code is used to describe the type of UN
approved package and materials used. You can easily find out what
4G or 1A1 mean by referring to the table below:

UN Specification Marks for Liquids

SHIPPER’S AND OPERATOR’S
RESPONSIBILITIES
Shippers Responsibilities
(a) The shipper shall ensure that its personnel conform to the requirements of this Part and the
Technical Instructions in the performance of their duties and responsibilities.
(b) The shipper shall ensure that each employee completes all dangerous goods training requirements
and their training records are updated prior to their performance of tasks associated with transport of
dangerous goods by air.
(c) To ensure proper completion of their assigned tasks, the shipper shall provide employees with all
necessary—
(1) Shipping instructions and guidance;
(2) Reference documents;
(3) Shipping documents; and
(4) Packaging, labelling, and marking supplies.
(d) Before consigning any packaged containing dangerous goods for transport by air, the shipper shall
ensure that—
(1) The goods are not of a category whose carriage by air is prohibited by the provisions
of the Technical Instructions;
(2) The goods are classified and packed and the packagings used are in accordance with
such provisions of the Technical Instructions as apply to the goods;
Shippers Responsibilities
(3) The package is marked and labelled in accordance with such provisions of as related
to marking and labelling and in accordance with the Technical Instructions;
(4) The package is in a fit condition for carriage by air; and
(5) The dangerous goods transport documents has been completed and that the
declaration therein has been made.
(e) The shipper shall establish, implement and update dangerous goods training programs for its
personnel as prescribed by the Technical Instructions and the Authority.

Dangerous Goods Regulations Documentation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSCz0B3Mfxc
OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES
(a) No operator may transport dangerous goods unless approved to do so by the Authority.
(b) The operator shall ensure that its personnel conform to the requirements of this Part and the
Technical Instructions in the performance of their duties and responsibilities on all occasions when
dangerous goods are carried, irrespective of whether the flight is wholly or partly within or wholly outside
the territory of the Philippines.
(c) Where dangerous goods are to be transported outside the territory of the Philippines, the operator
shall ensure that its personnel have reviewed and are in compliance with the appropriate variations noted
by contracting states contained in Attachment 3 to the Technical Instructions.
(d) The operator shall ensure that each employee completes all applicable dangerous goods training
requirements and their training records are updated prior to their performance of tasks associated with
transport of dangerous goods by air.
(e) To ensure proper completion of their assigned tasks, the operator shall provide employees with all
necessary—
(1) Operator manuals;
(2) Reference documents;
(3) Shipping documents; and
(4) Packaging, labelling, and marking supplies.
OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES
(f) An operator shall not accept dangerous goods for transport by air unless the dangerous goods are
accompanied by a completed dangerous goods transport document, except where the Technical
Instructions indicate that such a document is not required.
(g) An operator shall not accept dangerous goods for transport by air until the package, overpack or
freight container containing the dangerous goods has been inspected in accordance with the acceptance
procedures contained in the Technical Instructions.
(h) An operator shall develop and ensure the use an acceptance checklist as an aid to compliance with
the requirements of this Part and the Technical Instructions.
(i) The operator shall not allow the loading, stowage and securing of dangerous goods subject to this
Part and the Technical Instructions on the aircraft except in accordance with the dangerous goods
manual acceptable to the Authority.
(j) The operator shall ensure that dangerous goods are not carried in an aircraft cabin occupied by
passengers or on the flight deck, unless otherwise specified in the Technical Instructions.
(k) The operator shall ensure that dangerous goods are loaded, segregated, stowed and secured on an
aircraft as specified in the Technical Instructions.
OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES
(l) The operator shall ensure that packages of dangerous goods bearing the “Cargo Aircraft Only” label
are carried on a cargo aircraft and loaded as specified in the Technical Instructions.
(m) The operator shall provide an qualified employee to directly supervise the loading, segregation and
securing of the dangerous goods.
(n) The operator shall establish, implement and update dangerous goods training programs for its
personnel as prescribed by the Technical Instructions and the Authority.
(o) The operator shall have a quality assurance program acceptable to the Authority that includes
audits of the conformance of the operator’s and service provider’s organization and employees to the
requirements applicable to the transport of dangerous goods by air.

How to ship Dangerous Goods

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdw1T7jF_Jg
 SOURCES:
• https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Dangerous_Goods
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpHt_c3gIt0
• https://www.iata.org/en/publications/newsletters/iata-knowle
dge-hub/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-transport-of-dan
gerous-goods-by-air/
• http://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/TDG/UN_Specificatio
n_Marks_for_UN_Approved_Packages.html
• https://caap.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/PART-18-
Transportation-of-Dangerous-Goods-by-Air.pdf