Passive Components

• A passive component is an electronic component which

can only receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb
or store it in an electric field or a magnetic field
• Passive elements do not need any form of electrical power
to operate
• Passive components cannot amplify, oscillate, or generate
an electrical signal.
Resistor

Resistor are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing

electrical resistance. The resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons
through a circuit. They are passive components, meaning they only consume
power (and can't generate it). Resistors are usually added to circuits where
they complement active components like op-amps microcontrollers, and other
integrated circuits. commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide
voltage, and pull-up I/O lines.
What is it?

Resistor is an electronic component, which has an ability to oppose, limit,

control and even sometimes block the flow of current. It has been made
possible because of the resistance property of this component, which is
express in ohms. (Ω). Resistance as being dubbed as the opposition to the flow
of current is usually represented by R. Thus R = 10Ω is generally read as
resistance is equal to 10 ohms
Classification of Resistor
Resistors can be classified according to value.
A. Fixed = The value of these resistors are said to be fixed and constant

B. Variable = can be change or see through manual settings

1. Carbon resistors are very popular for most applications because they are
inexpensive and readily available in standard sizes and wattages

2. Wire-wound resistors are fixed that resistors are made by winding a piece of
resistive wire around a ceramic core. These are used when a high power rating
is required
3. Cement resistors are made to handle a large amount of power flowing through it with it
being undamaged by a heat or flames. it is a nickname for the heat resistant ceramic case in
which a coil of resistance wire is potted. They are most often, wire-wound resistors.
However even this description is out of date. Nowadays, the resistance wire itself may be
replaced by a moulded spiral of metal oxide compound

4. SMT (Surface Mount Technology) Many modern circuits use SMT resistors. Their
manufacture involves depositing a film of resistive material such as tin oxide on a tiny
ceramic chip. The edges of the resisor are then accurately ground, or cut with a laser to give
a precise resisance (which depends on the width of the resistor film), across the ends of the
device.
5. Carbon Film Resistors Similar construction to Metal film resistors film.
Mounted on paper strips for machine insertion intro printed circuit boards.
Small resistors are extremely inexpensive components and are also often sold
in batches of 10s or 100s in this form for easier handling
Checking a Resistor

A typical resistor may develop the following defects:

1. Low Resistance - The resistance is lower than the expected mininum resistance.

2. High Resistance - The resistance is higher than the expected maximum

resistance.

3. Open - Infinite resistance.

4. Shorted - 0 resistance.
 Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal
electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors (plates) seperated by a insulator. The conductors
can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, ec. The 'noncunducting'
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A Dielectric can
be glass, ceramic, plastic fil, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely
used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, A capacitor does not dissipate
What is it?

Capacitor is an electronic component, which has an ability to store electrical

charges across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. In its basic
form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive metal plates
which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated
either by air or by some form of a good insulating material. Due to this
insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks it
allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an
electrical charge.
The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be either square, circular
or rectangular. or they can be of a cylindrical or spherical shape with the
general shape, size and construction of a parallel plate capacitor
depending on its application and voltage rating.
When used in a direct current or DC circuit, a capacitor charge up to its supply
voltage but block the lofw of current through it because the dielectric of a
capacitor connected to an alternating current or AC circuit, the flow of the
current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with litter or no
resistance
Capacitance

Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and store

energy in the form of an electrical charge. It is expressed as the ratio of
the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. The capacitance value of a capacitor is measure in
farads (F), Units named for English physicist Michael Faraday (1791-
1867).
A farad is a large quantity of capacitance. Most household electrical devices
include a capacitors that produce only a fraction of a farad, often microfarad
(uF) or as small as a picofarad (pF).
Characteristics of Capacitor

1. Nominal Capacitance, (C)

The nominal value of the capacitance, Capacitor is the most important of all capacitor
characteristics. This value measured in pico-Farads (pf), nano-Farads (nF) or micro-Farads
(uF) and is maked onto the body of the capacitor as numbers, letters or colored bands.
2. Working Voltage, (W)

The Working voltage another important capacitor characteristic that defines he

maximum continuous voltage either DC or AC that an be applied to the
capacitor
3. Tolerance, (+%)

As with resistors, capacitors also have a Tolerance rating expressed as a plus-

or-a minus value either in picrofarad's for low value capacitors generally less
than 100pF or as a percentage for higher value capacitors genera;;y higher
than 100pF. The tolerance value is the extent to which the actual capacitance
is allowed to vary from its nominal value and can range anywhere from -20%
to +80%. Thus a 100uF capacitor with a +-20% tolerance could legitimately
vary from 80uF to 120uF and still remain within the tolerance
4. Working temperature, (T)

Changes in temperature around he capacitor affect the value of the

capacitance because of change in the dielectric properties. If the air or
surrounding temperature becomes to hot or too cold the capacitance value of
the capacior may change so much as to affect the correct operation of the
circuit. The noral working range for most capaciors is -30C to +125C with
nominal volage ratings given for a Working temperature of no more than +7-C
especially for the plastic capacitor types.
5. Temperature Coefficient, (TC)

The temperature Coefficient of a capacitor is the maximum change in its

capacitance over a specified temperature range. The temperature coefficient
of a capacitor is generally expressed linearly as parts per million per degree
centigrade or as a percent change over a particular range of temperatures. Soe
capacitors are non linear (Class 2 capacitors) and increase their value as the
emperature rises giving them a temperature coefficient that is expressed as a
positve "P".
6. Polarization

Capacitor Polarization generally refers to the electrolytic type capacitors but

mainly the Aluminium Electrolytic's, with regards to their electrical connection.
The majority of electrolytic capacitors are polarized types, that is the voltage
connected o the capacitor terminals must have the correct polarity that is
positive to positive and negative to negative
Types of Capacitor

1. According to value
A. Fixed - The value of this capacitor is constant.
B. Variable - The value of this capacitor can be changed or set through manual
settings.
2. According to polarity
A. Polarized - With polarity (positive + and negaive - side)
B. Non polar - With out polarity
Three defects of capacitor

1. Shorted a defective condition of capacitor where in the leads break due to

its dielectric rupture

2. Open it is a condition where in the connection between e lead and metal

plates breaks internally.

3. Leaky a partially shorted condition of capacitor.

Thank you for
listening!