Maintaining Steady Internal GROUP 5

Conditions JOSHUA’S
GROUP
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OBJECTIVES

Explain how some organisms maintain

steady internal conditions (e.g.,
temperature regulation, osmotic balance
and glucose levels) that possess various
structures and processes.
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INTRODUCTION

The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively

constant internal environment is called
homeostasis. The body maintains
homeostasis for many factors in addition to
temperature. Some examples of homeostasis
are temperature regulation, osmoregulation,
and control of blood glucose.
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HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively

steady internal environment despite external
conditions.

This conditions cannot be too extreme,

especially for prolonged periods of time, else
wise we would not survive.
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HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively

steady internal environment despite external
conditions.

This conditions cannot be too extreme,

especially for prolonged periods of time, else
wise we would not survive.
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GOAL OF HOMEOSTASIS

• The goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of

equilibrium around a specific value of some aspect of the
body or its cells called a set point.
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CHANGE IN THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

A change in the internal or external environment is called a stimulus and is

detected by a receptor; the response of the system is to adjust the activities
of the system, so the value moves back toward the set point. For instance, if
the body becomes too warm, adjustments are made to cool the animal.
HOW SOME ORGANISMS MAINTAIN
STEADY INTERNAL CONDITIONS IN
THERMAL REGULATION?

TEMPERATURE
REGULATION
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TEMPERATURE REGULATION

The ability to maintain a stable core temperature often relies on physiological responses that perturb the
stability of blood fluids. A common thermoregulatory mechanism that affects body fluid homeostasis is
evaporative cooling, by sweating

and/or panting, to dissipate heat from the body when core temperature is elevated.

“All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.”

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a) Fighting Disease

- Most animals have an immune system that can distinguish between “self”
and “other”. Once the immune system discovers “others” in the body, it
attacks the invaders and works to restore homeostasis.

- The immune system would provide flexibility to the host when dealing with
the environment and with itself, consequently adding flexibility to the
management of homeostasis.
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b)Chemical Controls

Vertebrates, such as the migrating wildebeest, along with

arthropods and many other invertebrates regulate many body processes

using a system of chemical controls. Endocrine glands are part of that

system. Endocrine glands regulate body activities by releasing hormones

into the blood. Some hormones control the way the body stores energy or

mobilizes it – as in the case of wildebeests.

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c) Body Temperature Control

Control of body temperature is important for

maintaining homeostasis, particularly in areas where
temperature varies widely with time of day and with
season.
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Why is temperature control so important?

Because many body functions are influenced by temperature. For example, muscles cannot
operate if they are too cold or too hot. Cold muscles contract slowly, making an animal slow
to react. If muscles get too hot, on the other hand, they may tire easily.
 An animal may be described based on the structures and

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behaviors
that enable it to control its body temperature.

.
1) ECTOTHERMS
2) ENDOTHERMS
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ECTOTHERMS (cold-blooded)

- these are animals that do

not have internal control of
their
body.
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ENDOTHERMS (warm-blooded)

- animals that maintain a

constant body
temperature in the face of
environmental changes
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THERMOREGULATION
According to Osilla (2022), Thermoregulation is a
mechanism by which mammals maintain body temperature
with tightly controlled self-regulation independent of
external temperatures.

Thermoregulation is coordinated by the nervous system. The

processes of temperature control are centered in the
hypothalamus of the advanced animal brain.
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THERMOREGULATION

The hypothalamus maintains the

set point for body temperature
through reflexes that cause
vasodilation or vasoconstriction
and shivering or sweating.
 IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE

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REGULATION
According to Mph (2021), Mammals use thermoregulation to keep the body within a tight
temperature range. This is essential for health, as it allows organs and bodily processes to
work effectively. If a person's body temperature strays too far from 98.6°F (37°C), they can
develop hyperthermia or hypothermia.
Insert photo here

HOW SOME ORGANISMS MAINTAIN

STEADY INTERNAL CONDITIONS IN
OSMOREGULATION?

OSMOTIC BALANCE
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Feedback Mechanism

a physiological loop that brings the

body either toward or away from
the normal, steady state.
M A I N TA I N I N G S T E A D Y I N T E R N A L
CONDITIONS
Feedback Mechanism
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OSMOREGULATION

- the process of maintaining salt and water balance

(osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.

- Kidneys are the major osmoregulatory organ.

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OSMOREGULATION

The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of

water, electrolytes, and non-electrolytes.
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TWO MAJOR TYPES OF OSMOREGULATION

1) Osmoconformers

2) Osmoregulators
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OSMOCONFORMERS

- use active or passive processes to match their internal

osmolarity to that of the environment.
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OSMOREGULATORS

- control internal osmotic pressure so that conditions are

maintained within a tightly-regulated range.
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WHY OSMOREGULATION IS IMPORTANT?

- it helps in maintaining a constant normal blood pressure.

It is an important component of life as it maintains water
and mineral balance at the cellular level.
Electrolyte

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Insert photo here

- a compound that
dissociates into ions
when dissolved in
water.
 4 INTERACTING COMPONENTS TO

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MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

1) Stimulus
2) Sensor
3) Control Center
4) Effector
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STIMULUS

- provided by the variable that is being regulated.

- indicates that the value of the variable has moved
away from the set point or has left the normal
range.
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SENSOR

- monitors the values of the variable and

sends data on it to the control center.
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CONTROL CENTER

- monitors the values of the variable and

sends data on it to the control center.
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EFFECTOR

- acts on the signal from the control

center to move the variable back
toward the set point.
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TYPES OF FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Positive Feedback
- feedback serves to reduce an excessive
response and keep a variable within the
normal range.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK &
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Homeostasis typically involves negative

feedback loops that counteract changes of
various properties from their target values,
known as set points.
In contrast to negative feedback loops,
positive feedback loops amplify their
initiating stimuli, in other words, they move
the system away from its starting state.
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TYPES OF FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Negative Feedback

- feedback serves to intensify a response until

an
endpoint is reached.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Body Temperature

Body temperature regulation involves

negative feedback whether
it lowers the temperature or raises it
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Cooling Down

The human body’s temperature regulatory center is the hypothalamus

in the brain. When the hypothalamus receives data from sensors in
the skin and brain that body temperature is higher than the set point.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Heating Up
When the brain’s temperature regulatory center
receives data that body temperature is lower than
the set point.
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TYPES OF FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Positive Feedback
- feedback serves to intensify a response until
an
endpoint is reached.
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
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Thank you sa inyo mga
kaibigan!!

Joshua’s GROUP •
General Biology 2