BASICES OF METERING AND

TYPES OF ENERGY METERS

By M. C. Gurani
[email protected]

+91 9818100588
PRESENTATION FLOW

 FUNDAMENTALS
 TYPES OF ENERGY METERS
 METERING TECHNOLOGIES AND
TECHNIQUES.
 METER TESTINGS & ANALYSIS
 PILFERAGE OF ELECTRICITY
Review of fundamental electrical concepts

Energy parameters

Active Energy (unit KWh) V X I X Cos Ф

• Reactive Energy (unit KVArh) V X I X Sin Ф
• Apparent Energy (unit KVAh) VXI
Where V is line volt,
I is line current ,
Ф is phase angle between volt and current ,
Cos Ф is power factor
Active power Electricity actually consumed

Reactive power Electricity consumed in losses

Reactive (lag) due to inductive load
Reactive (lead) due to capacitive load

er
ow
A nt
p KVAr
e
KV par Reactive
Ap power
Ф

KW
Active power
Apparent power : resultant of active and reactive

KVAh = √KWh²± KVArh²

werKVAr
t p o
r e n
p pa Reactive
A power (lag)
A
KV

Ф
Kw Active power
KVAr
Reactive
power (lead)
 Power Factor

Cos Ф = KW / KVA = KWh / KVAh

100KW
100KVA
motor
transformer
Line
`

At Unity power factor Line current is 140 A

At 0.6 power factor Line current 140 A output 60 %
At 0.6 Power factor Line current 231 A output 100 %
Load on Transformer 166 KVA

Transformer & line get overloaded, motor overheated on same efficiency

Consumer is held responsible to maintain Power Factor- KVAh billing

 Power Calculation

 Single Phase Vp X Ip X cos Ф

Three Phase

 3 Phase 4 Wire 3 x Vp X Ip X cos Ф

 3 Phase 3 Wire √3 x VL X IL X cos Ф

Three Phase Four Wire meter
(Three Watt meter method)

Vr

Ir

Ib

Vb Iy Vy
W1
Vp X Ip X cos Ф
R
W2
Vp X Ip X cos Ф
Y
W3
B Vp X Ip X cos Ф

N 3 Vp X Ip X cos Ф
Three Phase Three Wire meter
(Two Watt meter method)

Vry
Vr

Ф
Ir
Vby
Ф
Ib
W1 Vb Iy Vy
VL X IL X cos(30* + Ф)

W2
VL X IL X cos(30*- Ф)

√3 x VL X IL X cos Ф
Types of Energy Meter

 Single Phase, Three Phase

 Electromechanical, Electronic or Static
 Whole Current, LT CT Operated, HT CT &
PT Operated
 Trivector Energy Meter
 Maxmimum demand & TOD (Time of the
day)
PRESENT METERING-SYSTEM

 LOW TENSION METER.

Single phase meter
Three phase meter (Whole Current)
LT CT operated meters.

HIGH TENSION METER.

(CT & PT operated)
Single Phase Whole Current
Electromechanical Energy meter
 Single Phase Whole Current
Electromechanical

Counter
digits

Voltage coil

Damping magnets disc

Current coil

Magnetic suspension
bearing
terminals
Single Phase Whole Current Electronic
or Static Energy meter

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Impulse counter

INSIDE VIEW
Three Phase LT CT Operated
Electromechanical
 Three Phase LT CT Operated
Electromechanical

Voltage coil
Adjustments
Power factor

Current coil No load

Full load
Counter digits

Magnetic suspension Damping

bearing magnets

terminals
Operating Principle Electronic Energy
Meter

Single phase active power

Kw = Vrms Irms Cos Ф
Or,
KW = 1/T ∫VI.dt

N
P = (1 /N) Σ {V . I }
n n

n=1
Operating principle of static meter

Current
Sensing

Integrator

Register
Multiplier

Voltage
Sensing

t
 Digital sampling

v1
i1
i2
v2 ADC
i3
v3 fs

Digital
Data
Sampling Hold
 Static (electronic) Energy meter

Memory
Multi ADC Micro
Senso plier
DISPLAY
r Processor

Senso
r

RTC
Analog to digital
converter
Three Phase LT CT Operated
Electronic or Static Energy Meter
Three Phase LT CT Operated Static
Energy Meter with box
Instrument Transformers

Current transformer( CT) Potential transformer (PT)

 Indoor type HT Metering Cubicle with
inbuilt resin cast CT & PT

Meter chamber

HT Cable End box

HT Cable End box
Outdoor type HT Metering Cubicle with
CT PT Unit
 Ranges, Rating & Accuracy Class
Category of consumers Type of Meter Installed Class Rating of Applied Load
Conventional Meters Factor
Installed

Domestic sector Single phase 2 5-30A Upto 5 Kw

10-60 A 6-10 Kw
Three Phase Whole current 2 3x (30-60)A 11-15 Kw
Three Phase CT Operated 1 3x(60/5)A 15-37 Kw
3x(100/5) A 37-50 Kw
3x(200/5) A 50-100 Kw

Commercial Sector Single phase 2 10-60 A Upto 5 Kw

20-60 A 6-10 Kw
Three Phase Whole current 2 3x (30-60)A 11-15 Kw
Three Phase CT Operated 1 3x(60/5) A 15-37 Kw
3x(100/5) A 37-50 Kw
3x(200/5) A 50-100 Kw

Small Industrial Power Single phase 2 20-60 A Upto 10 Kw

Three Phase CT Operated 1 3x(60/5) A 11-37 Kw
3x(100/5) A 37-50 Kw
3x(200/5) A 50-100 Kw

Bulk supply (LT) LT Trivector Meter 1 3x(200/5) A Above 100 KW

(Static Type) 3x(300/5) A
3x(400/5) A
 Static meters Vs Conventional meters
SPECIFICATION STATIC METERS CONVENTIONAL ELECTRO-
MECHANICAL METERS

Life Sustainable accuracy life over 10 years Limited life (3-5 years & then, slows
down considerably)

Wear & Tear No wear & tear Lots of wear & tear due to many
moving parts & Meter becomes
slow with time

Hanging of Meter Measures accurately under any conditions even Accuracy is effected with change in
placed flat on ground angle of hanging

Protection Fully protected in case of High voltage peak & Likely to Get damaged
lightening

Earth Leakage & RESPECTIVE Indicators to alert Consumer for No such Indicators
WRONG Safety
CONNECTIONS

Over loading Accuracy of the Meter does not affected even at Due to magnetic saturation,
150% Over Load condition. accuracy deteriorates
drastically
Features in Static Energy Meter

 Instant parameter view

 Auto Maximum demand Reset
 Billing history of each cycle
 Load survey data
 Events Report
 Power outage period
 Tamper/Fiddle data
 Fraud Protection
 Remote Metering
 EMERGING METERING
TECHNOLOGIES AND TESTINGS

By M. C. Gurani
[email protected]
+91 9818100588
New Technologies

 AMR Technologies
- PLCC
-RF based.
-GSM Modem
-PSTN
-CDMA
 Prepaid Meters.
 Contactless Reading type meters.
Remote metering through modem

CDMA
GSM
Meter reading instruments
 TRADITIONAL VERSUS
PRE-PAYMENT CONCEPT

 Traditional Metering  Pre-Payment Metering

– Use electricity 
Collect money
– Read meter
– Prepare invoice 
Transfer credit to
– Collect money meter
– Warn late payers
– Disconnect non-
payers 
Use electricity
Pre-paid Meter
Prepayment Meter

 Prepayment meter is essentially an energy recorder cum controller. Controller in the

sense that, after the energy at credit is exhausted, the power is switched off to the
consumer. In prepayment system, the meter reading, issue of bill and billing data
updating is all done by the consumer himself. The meter has a card which shall
contain identification number, current reading, meter category type, energy to be
credited etc.
The consumer shall bring the card to the vendor station consisting of a computer and
pays the amount for the units he intends to purchase, the number of units as per the
tariff will be encrypted on this card. Also the computer checks
 Whether it is a valid card/service.
 Recognize the category.
 Takes the present reading.
 Number of units credited will be encrypted
Later the consumer takes back the card and inserts the card into the meter,
whereby the meter updates the units on credit. If all the units at credit are
consumed the meter disconnects the power supply.
PREPIAD METER-Keypad Vending

Vending
Stations
24 hr Call Centre
AVM’s

The Internet
THE CONCEPT “HOW IT
WORKS”
CASHPOWER 2000
Credit Transfer Voucher
07/10/91 CDU ID: 9:40:16

SPESCOM SUPPLY AUTHORITY

Spescom Cashpower 2000

Stand no:
Meter no:

+ 3343 6077 7631 3153

R10.00 57.9KWh
CASH
Operator: Brent
Electricity clean, efficient and low cost

+ 3343 6077 7631 3153

Conclusion

The common question that is commonly asked regarding prepaid metering

system is whether prepaid metering is relevant to Indian conditions?

 The prepaid meters are equally, if not more, relevant to our Indian conditions.
The number of consumers are continuously increasing, making routine
methods of billing more and more difficult due to sheer volume alone. Added
to this, the man-power costs are no longer “negligible” as it was a few years
ago.

 Further, introduction of these meters will eliminate the complaints regarding

the billing from the most vocal sections of the society. Now the ball will
always be in ‘their’ court.

 The direct benefits of these prepaid meters are improvement of financial flow
to the utilities and ease of monitoring the frauds. These reasons alone justify
the use of prepaid meters.
Instant parameter view : LT connection
Instant parameter view (LT) :phasor diagram
Instant parameter view : LT connection
Instant parameter view : HT connection
Instant parameter view (HT):phasor diagram
Event reports
Load survey data
Load survey data
Load survey data

; ; ;
Tamper
data
Tamper data
Tamper data
Tamper data
TESTING & ANALYSIS
OF ENERGY METERS
 MANDATORY TESTING

 IE RULE-57 –PERIODICAL TESTING

Category Interval
 33 kV and above 6 months
 11 kV supply meters 1 year
 LT meters (11kW-100 kW) 3 years
 LT meters (upto11 kW) 6 years.
Routine Tests( 0n all Meters)

 Accuracy Tests at
5% Ib,10%Ib,Ib,Imax at UPF
10%Ib,20% Ib,Ib,Imax at 0.5 lag
5% Ib,10%Ib,Ib,Imax at 0.8 lead
 No Load test at 115% of Vref.
 AC Voltage Test at 2 kV.
 Starting Current Test at 0.4% or 0.1% Ib.
 Insulation Resistance Test.
Testing & Calibration
Testing & Calibration : HT connections
Pilferage of Electricity

 Direct Tapping
 Indirect without disturbing the seals
DC Magnet
HF Radiation
Neutral Disturbance
Fiddle with Energy Meter & Meter Seals
By pass using shunt,
Remove Potential connections,
Change CT and phase association
DC injection, Damage Setting & adjustments
HF Radiation Device
PROVISION UNDER ELECTRICITY ACT
 THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003

An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission,

distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking
measures conducive to development of electricity industry,
promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers
and
supply of electricity to all areas, rationalisation of electricity tariff,
ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of
efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of
Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and
establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto.
 ACT-126 MISUSE

UNATHORISED USE OF ELECTRICITY MEAN’S THE USAGE

OF ELECTRICITY FOR THE PURPOSE OTHER THEN FOR
WHICH THE USAGE OF ELECTRICITY WAS SANCTIONED.

 DOMESTIC CONNECTION USED FOR NON DOMESTIC OR

INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE.
 NON DOMESTIC CONNECTION USED FOR INDUSTRIAL
PURPOSE.
 AGRICULTURE CONNECTION USED FOR DOMESTIC, NON
DOMESTIC,INDUSTRIAL & FARM HOUSES.
 ACT-126 MISUSE Contd.

 IP CONNECTION USED FOR NON DOMESTIC

PURPOSE.
 A NOTICE SHALL BE ISSUED TO CONSUMER FOR
PERSONAL HEARING TO EITHER REGULARISED
THE LOAD OR REMOVED THE MISUSE.
 ACTION:-RAISING THE BILL WTTH 50% PENALITY OF
RELEVENT TARIFF OF ACTUAL USAGE WITH
RESTROSPECTIVE EFFECT FOR THE
SIX MONTH RECKONED BACK FROM THE DATE OF
DETECTION.
 ACT 135-THEFT OF ELECTRICITY

WHOEVER DISHONESTLY :-
TAPPING/ ANY CONNECTION WITH O/H, U/G,CABLE, SERVICE WIRE OR
SERVICE FACILITY TAMPERING OF METER,INSTALLATION OF TAMPERED
METER,CURRENT REVERSING TRANSFORMER, LOOP CONNECTION /
SHUNT PROVISION, INSTASLLED AND ANY OTHER DEVICES WHICH
INTERFARE THE READING, RECORDING & WORKING OF
METER.DAMAGES OR DESTROY AN ELECTRIC METER, APPRATUS,
EQUIPMENT OR WIRE OR CAUSES OR INTERFARE WITH PROPER OR
ACCURATE METERING OF ELECTRICTY TURNS TO ABSTRACT OR
CONSUME OR USE ELECTRICITY SHALL BE PUNISHABLE WITH
IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM WHICH MAY EXTENDED TO THREE YEAR
OR WITH FINE OR WITH BOTH PANALITY:- RAISING OF THE BILL FIVE
TIMES WITH RELEVENT TARIFF FOR THE LAST SIX MONTH.
ACT 137-THEFT OF MATERIAL

Whoever, dishonestly receives any stolen

electric line or material knowing or having
reasons to believe the same to be stolen
property, shall be punishable with
imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to three years or with fine
or with both.
 ACT 138- ILLEGAL RESTORATION
OF ELECTRICITY

Whoever, -
(a) unauthorisedly connects any meter, indicator or apparatus with any
electric line through which
electricity is supplied by a licensee or disconnects the same from any
such electric line; or
(b) unauthorisedly reconnects any meter, indicator or apparatus with any
electric line or other works being the property of a licensee when the
said electric line or other works has or have been cut or disconnected;
or
(c) lays or causes to be laid, or connects up any works for the purpose of
communicating with any other works belonging to a licensee; or
 ACT 138- ILLEGAL RESTORATION
OF ELECTRICITY Contd.

(d) maliciously injures any meter, indicator, or apparatus belonging to a licensee

or willfully or fraudulently alters the index of any such meter, indicator or
apparatus or prevents any such meter, indicator or apparatus from duly
registering, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may
extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees,
or with both, and , in the case of a continuing offence, with a daily fine which
may extend to five hundred rupees; and if it is proved that any means exist for
making such connection as is referred to in clause (a) or such re-connection
as is referred to in clause (b), or such communication as is referred to in
clause (c), for causing such alteration or prevention as is referred to in clause
and that the meter, indicator or apparatus is under the custody or control of
the consumer, whether it is his property or not, it shall be presumed, until the
contrary is proved, that such connection, reconnection, communication,
alteration, prevention or improper use, as the case may be, has been
knowingly and willfully caused by such consumer.
ACT 139- Damage Electric Lines

Whoever, negligently breaks, injures, throws

down or damages any material connected
with the supply of electricity, shall be
punishable with fine which may extend to ten
thousand rupees.
ACT 140- CUT OFF THE SUPPLY

Whoever, with intent to cut off the supply of

electricity, cuts or injures, or attempts to cut
or injure, any electric supply line or works,
shall be punishable with fine which may
extend to ten thousand rupees.
ACT 141- Theft of Lamps

Whoever, maliciously extinguishes any public

lamp shall be punishable with fine which may
extend to two thousand rupees.
ACT – 142 Contraventions any of the
provisions of IE Act or Rules or Regulations

Complaint is filed before the Appropriate Commission.

The Appropriate Commission may after giving such person an
opportunity of being heard in the matter, by order in writing,
direct that, without prejudice to any other penalty to which he
may be liable under this Act, such person shall pay, by way of
penalty, which shall not exceed one lakh rupees for each
contravention and in case of a continuing failure with an
additional penalty which may extend to six thousand rupees for
every day during which the failure continues after contravention
of the first such direction
Acts, Rules, Policies, Guidelines

For update see

Ministry of Power
Government of India

Website : www.powermin.nic.in
THANK YOU