•A lens is a piece of glass or

other transparent material

with two curved surfaces
that produces images of
objects by changing the
direction of light through
refraction.
LENSES

Whereas mirrors produce images by

reflection, lenses produce
images by refraction.
There are two main types of lenses called convex (also known
as converging ) and concave (also known as diverging ).

Concave

Convex

Convex lenses are thicker in the concave lenses are thicker

middle than at the edges at the edges than in the
middle.
Convex lenses are thicker in
the middle and thus
converge light rays.

Concave lenses are thicker

at the edges and thus
diverge light rays.
 Convex and Concave Lenses

A converging lens A diverging lens

(Convex) takes light (concave) takes light
rays and bring them rays and spreads
to a point. them outward.
Just as with concave mirrors, the characteristics of the image
formed by a converging lens depend upon the location of the object.
There are six "strategic" locations where an object may be placed.
For each location, the image will be formed at a different place and
with different characteristics. We will illustrate the six different
locations and label them as CASE-1 to CASE-6.

Case-1: Object at infinity

Case-2: Object just beyond 2 F’
Case-3: Object at 2F’
Case-4: Object between 2F’ and F’
Case-5: Object at F’
Case-6: Object within focal length (f)

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 Infinity simply means
CASE-1 : Object at “infinity” “far away”.

No image

Object

NOTE!!!
Since the object is at “infinity”,
all rays arrive parallel.

No image formed (All rays pass through F)

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 NOTE
In order to establish
CASE-2 : Object just beyond 2F’ an image point, all
we need are two
Note-1
intersecting rays.
Note-2
A ray thatNote-3
comes parallel
AAray
ray that
thatgoes through
throughF.the
goesthrough
is refracted F’
vertex goes right
is refracted through.
parallel.
Object Image

Image is real (formed by refracted rays) This ray is extra

in locating the
Inverted (upside down) image.
Reduced (smaller than object)
Located between F and 2F
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 Again:
In order to establish
CASE-3 : Object at 2F’ an image point, all
we need are two
intersecting rays.

Object Image

Image is real (formed by refracted rays)

This ray is extra.
Inverted (upside down)
Same size as object
Located at 2F
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CASE-4 : Object between 2F’ and F’

Object Image

Image is real (formed by refracted rays)

Inverted (upside down)
Magnified (larger than object)
Located beyond 2F
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CASE-5 : Object at F’

No image
Object

No image is formed
(rays refract parallel)

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 CASE-6 : Object is within focal length

Image

Object
Image is virtual
(formed by extended rays)
Upright
Magnified
Located on same side as object
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 One case only!

Object

Image

Image is always virtual

(formed by a direct ray and an extended ray)
Always upright
Always reduced
Always located on same side as object Click
Question-1

A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the ends is known as:

A Convex lens or a Converging lens.

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Question-2

A lens that is thicker at the ends than in the middle is known as:

A Concave lens or a Diverging lens.

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Question-4

For each case below, draw the appropriate lens that will produce
the indicated rays.

a)

Concave (diverging)

b)

Convex (converging)
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Question-5

How is the image formed by a mirror different from the image

formed by a lens?

A mirror forms an image by reflection whereas

a lens forms a an image by refraction.

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Question-6

For each convex lens illustrated below, draw the image.

a)

Image

Image is real, inverted, reduced

and located between F and 2F.

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Question-6

For each convex lens illustrated below, draw the image.

b)

Image

Image is real, inverted, same

size object and located at 2F.

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Question-6

For each convex lens illustrated below, draw the image.

c)

Image

Image is real, inverted, magnified

and located beyond 2F.

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Question-6

For each convex lens illustrated below, draw the image.

d)

Parallel

All rays refract parallel,

no image is formed.

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Question-6

For each convex lens illustrated below, draw the image.

e)

Image

Image is virtual, upright, magnified

and located on same side as object.

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Question-7

For each concave lens illustrated below, draw the image.

REMEMBER
Concave lenses always produce images
that are virtual, upright and reduced.

Image

Image is virtual, upright, reduced

and located on same side as object.

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Question-7

For each concave lens illustrated below, draw the image.

Image

Image is virtual, upright, reduced

and located on same side as object.

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Question-12

Beams of light rays are traveling through air parallel to the

principal axis of four different lenses. The light rays enter
the lenses and are refracted.
In which diagram are the light rays correctly illustrated?

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