HUMAN CIRCULATORY Human circulatory system consists of the following

HEART,BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD

SYSTEM Heart is the pumping organ
Blood vessels are of three types.-Arteries, Veins and
Capillaries.
Blood is the fluid medium through which materials are
transported in the body.
It contains a fluid part called plasma and 3 types of cells.
Plasma transport
nutrients(glucose),waste(urea)hormones and some
amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Blood cells are of 3 types.
RBC-Contain the pigment Haemoglobin which helps to
transport oxygen.
WBC- Protect the body from the attack of disease
causing pathogens.
Platelets-Help in clotting of blood during injury.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Arteries carry blood from the
heart to organs. They break down
to form capillaries.
Capillaries are the smallest blood
vessels.
Exchange of gases between blood
and cells occur through capillaries.
Nutrients like glucose enter the
cells from blood through
capillaries.
Waste like urea present in the
cells enter the blood through
capillaries.
These capillaries later join to form
veins which take the
deoxygenated blood back to the
heart.
SECTIONAL VIEW OF HUMAN HEART • Human heart is made of cardiac muscles.
• Heart is situated in thoracic cavity
between the lungs.
• It has four chambers.
• The upper two chambers are called
atrium.
• The lower two chambers are called
ventricles.
• The right side of heart carries
deoxygenated blood(blood rich in carbon
dioxide).
• The left side of the heart carries
oxygenated blood(blood rich in oxygen)
• The left side of the heart is completely
separated from the right side by a
septum (dividing wall).
WORKING OF THE HEART
• Deoxygenated blood is collected from all parts of the body by large veins
called vena cava.
• This blood is received by the right atrium.
• The right atrium contracts and the blood flows into the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood into the lungs through
pulmonary artery.
• In the lungs blood gets oxygenated (oxygen is taken by the blood and carbon
dioxide is released )
• The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
• From the left atrium the blood flows into the left ventricle.
• Left ventricle contracts and the oxygenated blood is pumped into all organs of
the body through aorta.
• This events are repeated.
• In a healthy human the heart rate is 72 / minute.
 • In birds and mammals the heart is
4 chambered.
• The separation of the right side
and the left side of the heart is
useful to keep oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood from mixing.
• Such separation allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the
body.
• This is useful in animals that have
high energy needs, such as birds
Representation of transport of and mammals, which constantly
oxygen and carbon dioxide use energy to maintain their body
temperature.
• Animals like amphibians and reptiles do not use energy to maintain body temperature.
• Their body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment.
• Such animals, like amphibians or reptiles (except crocodiles) have three- chambered hearts, and there

is some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood in them.

• Fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambers in their hearts. In them the heart always carries
deoxygenated blood which is pumped to the gills.
• In the gills the blood is oxygenated.
• The oxygenated blood is passed directly from the gills to the rest of the body. Thus, blood goes only once
through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body (single circulation).
• In other vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) the blood flows twice through the heart during
each cardiac cycle. This is known as double circulation.
 HEART OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Heart pumps deoxygenated Mixing of oxygenated and

blood deoxygenated blood
• LYMPH
• There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation.

• This is called lymph or tissue fluid.

• Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape

into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph.

• It is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein.

• Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join to form large lymph

vessels that finally open into larger veins.

• Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space

back into the blood

LYMPH VESSELS THROUGH
WHICH LYMPH FLOWS.
QUESTIONS
1.What are the components of transport system in
humans?
2.Give 4 differences between arteries and veins.
3.Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and de-
oxygenated blood in birds and mammals ?
4.Why do ventricles have thick walls when compared to
atrium?
5.Define the term double circulation.
6.What is lymph? What are its functions?