Quadratic Equations

Anticipation Quadratic Equations Reaction

  A equation of the form is a quadratic equation.  

  The standard form of a quadratic equation is ,  

were a, b, and c can be any real number.

  All quadratic equations can be solved through  

factoring method.

  In solving quadratic equations using completing  

the square method, there is a need to write the
equation in standard form.

  The roots of a quadratic equation will always  

be a real number.
The discriminant tells us the nature of the
roots of a quadratic equation.

Imaginary numbers are possible roots of a

quadratic equation.

The roots of a quadratic equation will always

be distinct numbers.

In solving problems involving quadratic

equations, it is possible to have one of the
roots to be considered as extraneous.
ACTIVITY 1: Another Kind of Equation!

Instructions: Below are different equations. Use

these equations to answer the questions below.
Questions:
1. Which of the given equations are linear?
2. How do you describe linear equations?
3. Which of the given equations are not linear? Why?
4. How are these equations different from those
which are linear?
5. What common characteristics do these equations
have?
Learning Competency:
The learner will be able to:
1. Illustrate quadratic equations; and
2. Solve quadratic equations by: (a)
extracting the square roots; (b)
factoring; (c) completing the square; and
(d) using the quadratic formula.
Quadratic Equations in One Variable
 A second-degree equation in one variable is an
equation that can be expressed in the form

 Where are real numbers, and . This form of the

quadratic equation is said to be in standard form
since all the nonzero term are on the left side of the
equation and the powers of the variables are in a
descending order.
Quadratic Equations in One Variable
There are two classifications of quadratic
equations in two variables according to the
value of in the standard form.
If , the equation is a complete quadratic
equation. Examples of complete quadratic
equations are
Quadratic Equations in One Variable
If , the equation is a pure or incomplete
quadratic equation. For instance,

are incomplete quadratic equations.

Activity 2: Quadratic on Not Quadratic?
Instructions: Identify which of the following are
quadratic and which are not. If the equation is not
quadratic, explain.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.

4. 9.
5. 10.
Activity 3: Set Me To Your Standard!
Instructions: Write each quadratic equation in the standard form
then identify the values of the coefficient respectively.
1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.
Solving Quadratic
Equations by Extracting
the Square Roots
Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Square
Roots

Note that the incomplete quadratic

equation can be written as by applying the
Addition Property of Equality. By
substitution, two values of x satisfy this
equation. These are and . To check, if then
Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Square
Roots

Square Root Property

If
Square Root Property involves taking the square
roots of both sides of a quadratic equation. This is
applied when the term containing the second
degree term with 1 as its numerical coefficient is
isolated.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Square
Roots

Examples: Solve the equation

Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Square
Roots

Note that every quadratic equation in

one variable has exactly two solutions or
roots.
Example 6: Solve
Example 7: Solve the equation
Activity 4: Extract Me!
Instructions: Solve the following quadratic equations by
extracting the square roots.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Solving Quadratic
Equations by Factoring
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
If the left side of a complete quadratic
equation in standard form can be
factored into two linear factors, the
roots or solutions of the quadratic
equation can be obtained quickly and
easily.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Recall that the test for factorability

of a trinomial of the form states
that if the discriminant is a perfect
square, then the trinomial is
factorable.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
 For instance, the trinomial is factorable since

is a perfect square.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
In fact,
However, the trinomial is not factorable since the
discriminant is not a perfect square.
The principle involved in solving quadratic
equations by factoring rests on the following
property of real numbers.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Zero Factor Property

The product
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
If a given quadratic equation is of the form
express the factored form as and then use the
Vieta’s formula, that is, to find two number m
and n whose sum is b and whose product is c.
In symbols,

Where
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Examples: Solve the equation

Activity 5: What Made Me?
Instructions: Solve the following quadratic equations by
factoring.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Solving Quadratic
Equations by
Completing the Square
Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
A quadratic equation in standard form is easily
solved when its left side is factorable. But the
problem arises when it cannot be factored. A
different method is required for such case. One
method of solving quadratic equations that
works whether the equation can be factored or
not is the method of completing the square.
Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
The main task in using the method of
completing the square is to produce a
perfect square trinomial (PST) on the
left side of the quadratic equation.
Then, use the Square Root Property to
solve the equation.
Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
Example 1: What will be added to each expression to
make it a perfect square trinomial? Factor the resulting
trinomial.
Steps:
1. Use the Addition Property of Equality to isolate the
constant term on the right of the equation.
2. Make the numerical coefficient of the equal to 1 by
applying the Multiplication Property of Equality.
3. Produce a perfect square trinomial on the left side
of the equation by adding to both sides the square
of one-half the numerical coefficient of x.
Steps:
4. Factor the resulting PST in Step 3.
5. Apply the Square Root Property.
6. Solve for x in the resulting linear
equations in Step 5.
7. Check the answer by substituting the
derived values in Step 6 to the equation.
Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
Example 2: Solve the equation by
completing the square.
Activity 5: Complete ME!
Instructions: Find the solutions of each of the following
quadratic equations by completing the square.
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
Solving Quadratic Equation by
Quadratic Formula
Often, the method of completing the square is
tedious especially when the values are large
quantities. However, a formula for solving any
quadratic equation involving can be derived
using the method of completing the square.
Consider the quadratic equation in standard
form
The Quadratic Formula
In the quadratic equation in standard form
Solving Quadratic Formula by
Quadratic Formula
Example: Solve the equation using quadratic
formula.
Activity 6: Is The Formula Effective?
Instructions: Find the solutions of each of the following
quadratic equations using the quadratic formula.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Extracting the Square
Roots
Factoring
1. =0
Completing the Quadratic Formula
Square
Roots of Quadratic
Equations
Learning Competency:
The learner will be able to:
1. Characterize the roots of a quadratic
equation using the discriminant; and
2. Describe the relationship between the
coefficients and the roots of a
quadratic equation.
Roots of Quadratic Equations
Nature of Roots
The roots of the quadratic equation , , as solved using
the quadratic formula are
and
Roots of Quadratic Equations
The expression is called the
discriminant. The discriminant
provides information regarding the
nature of the roots of the quadratic
equation.
Nature of the Roots
If are real numbers, and , then
the roots of the quadratic
equation are:
 Nature of the Roots
i. real and unequal, if
ii. real and equal, if ; or
iii. imaginary and unequal, if .
Moreover, the roots are:
iv. rational, if is a perfect square;
v. irrational, if is not a perfect square.
Nature of the Roots
 A rational number is a number that is
expressed as the ratio of two integers,
where the denominator should not be
equal to zero, whereas an irrational
number cannot be expressed in the form
of fractions. Rational numbers are
terminating decimals but irrational
numbers are non-terminating and non-
recurring.
Nature of the Roots
An imaginary number is
a real number multiplied
by the imaginary unit i,
which is defined by its
property i² = −1.
Roots of Quadratic Equations
Example 1: Determine the nature of the roots of
each equation.
Problems Involving
Quadratic Equations
Problems Involving Quadratic Equations
Recall that a word problem describes a
situation that involves both known and
unknown quantities, and certain relations
between these quantities. A number of stated
problems, which deal with products or
quotients involving physical quantities, lead to
quadratic equations.
Problems Involving Quadratic Equations
Often, a problem involving quadratic equation
has only one solution, while the quadratic
equation itself has always two roots. In this
case, only the root that satisfies the
conditions stated in the problem is taken as a
solution while the other root is discarded.
 Example:
1. Two number differ by 9. The sum of their squares is 653. What are
the numbers?
2. A rectangle is 30 cm long and 20 cm wide. A rectangular strip
added to one side and another of the same width to the other
side result in the doubling of the area. Find the width of the strip.
3. Two bikers started at the same corner, one ongoing east, the other
going north. One biker was travelling at 3 kph faster than the
other. After one hour, the two bikers were 15 km apart. Find the
rate of each.
Activity 7:
1. The sum of two number is 16, and the sum of their squares
is 146. Find the two numbers.
2. Find two numbers whose difference is 5 and the difference
of their squares is 65.
3. The perimeter of a rectangle is 60m and its area is 221. Find
the length and the width of the rectangle.
4. The length of a rectangle exceeds two times the width 8
units. The area of the rectangle is 24 square units. What are
the length and the width of the rectangle?
Quadratic
Functions
Learning Competency:
The learner will be able to:
1. Model real-life situations using quadratic functions;
2. Represents quadratic function using: (a) table of
values, (b) graph, (c) equation; and
3. Transform a quadratic function defined by into the
form