Wake Dynamics of Sharp Edged Obstacles in Oscillatory and

Non-Oscillatory Flows: A Numerical Study 

Muhammad Ghayoor
ISB-S-210157
Supervised
By
Dr.Waqas Sarwar Abbasi

Department of Mathematics
AIR university ISLAMABAD
Islamabad, Pakistan

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Contents:
1. Introduction
1.1 Streamlines and Bluff Bodies
1.2 Applications of Bluff Bodies
1.3 Simulation Scales and Techniques
1.4 Lattice Boltzmann Method
1.5 Code Validation Study

. Future Work
. References

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 1.1 Streamlines and Bluff Bodies

Streamlines Bluff Body

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 1.1 Streamlines and Bluff bodies:
(Vortex Shedding Representation)

Image of clouds near the Robinson Crusoe Islands

This picture was taken from google
and the link is “https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144556/love-is-in-the-air”.
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 1.2 Applications of Bluff Bodies:
Buildings
Suspension Bridges
Wind Engineering
Microchips etc.

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 Simulation Scales and Techniques

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1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
Why LBM?
Parallel computing system

Bounce back rule for no-slip

Stable and explicit LBM boundary condition

Non-traditional method Equation of state is used for pressure

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1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (1)
+𝒆 =𝛺
Boltzmann Equation 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
=− [ 𝑓 − 𝑓   ]
( 𝑒𝑞 )
+𝒆 (2)
Bhatnagar-Gross-Crook Approximation 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜆

𝜕𝑓𝑖 𝜕𝑓𝑖 1
=− [ 𝑓 𝑖 − 𝑓 𝑖 ]
( 𝑒𝑞 )
+𝒆 𝑖 (3)
Discretize Boltzmann Equation 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜆

Chapman-Enskog-Expansion 𝜕 𝜕 (4)
+ 𝑂 (𝜖 )
2
=𝜖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑥1

Navier Stokes Equations

Continuity Equation (5)

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 Boltzmann Transport Equation:
The distribution function indicating the position of particles at time ‘t’ is given as:
f(r, c, t)
After applying an external force if no collisions takes place between the molecules
then we have,
f(r+cdt, c+Fdt, t+dt)drdc – f(r, c, t)drdc= 0 (1)
The equation for evolution of the molecules colliding with each other can be written
as,
(2)
Dividing the above equation by dtdrdc and taking limit dt → 0, yields
= Ω(f) (3)
The total rate of change can be expanded as,
(4)

Dividing by dt, yields

= + + (5)

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Equation (5) can be written as,
c+ (6)
Putting Equation (6) into the equation (3) we get the Boltzmann
transport equation:
+c+= Ω (7)
For system without an external force, the Boltzmann equation can be
written as,
+= Ω (8)
Equation (8) looks like an advection equation with a source term Ω.

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 The BGKW Approximation:
In order to deal with the collision process several models were introduced
in past. Among these the well known Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook and Walander
(BGKW) is given as, 1
   ( f eq  f )  ( f eq  f )
 (9)
After introducing BGKW approximation, Equation (8) can be approximated as,
f f 1 eq
c  (f  f) (10)
t r 
The discretized form of the Boltzmann equation along a specified direction is
given as: t
fi (r  ci t , t  t )  f i (r , t )   f eq  f 
 (11)
Paper Reference:
Bhatnagar, Gross and Krook introduced A model for collision processes in
gases. I. small amplitude processes in charged and neutral one-component
systems. Physical Review, vol. 94 (3), pp.511-525.

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1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
Discrete velocities for D2Q9 model is given as

{
( 0,0 ) 𝑖=0

𝒆 𝑖= ( [
𝑐𝑜𝑠
(𝑖 −1) 𝜋
2 ], 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2[
(𝑖 −1) 𝜋
]) 𝑖=1 , 2 ,3 , 4

( [
√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
(𝑖 −5 ) 𝜋 𝜋
2
+
4 ]
, 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 [
(𝑖 −5) 𝜋 𝜋
+
4 ]) 𝑖=5 , 6 , 7 , 8

In Matrix notation

Equilibrium Distribution function

Figure. Lattice arrangement on square structure.
(𝑒𝑞)
𝑓 𝑖 = 𝜌 𝑤𝑖 ¿
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1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
Boundary Conditions
In LBM, after the streaming step some
distribution functions are missing at the
boundary of computational domain. These
missing distribution functions are calculated
using different boundary conditions. In LBM,
mostly the no-slip, periodic, convective boundary
conditions etc. are used.

Figure. Arrangement of D2Q9 lattice arrangement

on computational domain.

A.A. Mohamad. Lattice Boltzmann Method, Fundamentals and Engineering Applications with Computer Codes,
Springer. 2019 (Second Edition).

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1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
Boundary Conditions
No-Slip Boundary Conditions Using Bounce Back Rule

Z. Guo, H. Liu, L.S. Luo and K. Xu.

A comparative study of the LBE and GKS methods
for 2D near incompressible laminar flows. Journal
of Computational Physics. 227:4955-4976 (2008).

Figure. Graphical representation of the bounce-back scheme.

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 1.3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
Boundary Conditions
Periodic Boundary Conditions

Torroidal topology of computational domain that is periodic in both directions. Gaps in torus
illustrate how the domain wraps around on itself

Figure. Representation of periodic boundary

M.C. Sukop, and conditions.

D.T. Thorne Jr. Lattice Boltzmann Modeling: An introduction for geoscientists and engineers. Springer,
Heidelberg, Berlin, New York 172 pages (2006) (second printing 2007).

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 Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)
8

Density relation   
i 1
fi
8
Momentum relation  u   ei f i
i 1

Equation of state p   cs2

1
Speed of sound cs 
3
2  1
Kinematic viscosity  ,  0.5
6

Knudsen number Kn 
L

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1.4 Code Validation Study
Problem Description of Flow Past a Single Cylinder

Lul = Upstream distance

Ldl = Downstream distance

D = Size of the cylinder

L = Length of channel

H = Height of channel

Figure. Computational domain of a flow past a single square cylinder.

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 Parameters
U d 2 Fd
Reynolds Number: Re  Drag Coefficient: Cd 
  U 2 d

2 Fl
Lift Coefficient: Cl 
 U 2 d

fsd
Strouhal Number: St 
U

s
Gap Spacing : g 
d

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 Grid Independence .

Grid Indpendence at Re = 100

Parameters 10-points 20-points 40-points

Cdmean 1.4630 (1.5%) 1.4435(0.2%) 1.4414

St 0.1498 (0.5%) 0.1491 (0%) 0.1491

Clrms 0.1798 (2%) 0.1742 (1.1%) 0.1762

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Code Validation Study

Figure. Comparison of present and available results .

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6. Future Work

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6. Future Work

1. Analysis of fluid flow around cylinders under the effect of different forcing frequencies of
incoming flows.
2. Comparison of fluid flow around cylinders submerged in oscillating and uniform flows.
3. Effect of Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC) on fluid flow around cylinders.
4. Lock-in phenomenon.
5. Effect of Reynolds number and gap ratio on fluid induced forces of multiple arrange
obstacles .
6. Multiple obstacles in different arrangements.

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7. References
1. Norberg, C. (1993). Flow around rectangular cylinders: Pressure forces and wake frequencies. J. Wind Eng. Ind.
Aerodyn. 49, 187-196.
2. Okajima, A. (1982). Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders. J. Fluid Mech. 123, 379-398.
3. Dutta, S., Panigrahi, P.K. & Muralidhar, K. (2004). Effect of orientation on the wake of a square cylinder at low
Reynolds numbers. Indian J. Eng. Mater.11, 447-459.
4. Davis, R.W. & Moore, E.F. (1982). A numerical study of vortex shedding from rectangles. J. Fluid Mech. 116,
475-506.
5. Gera, B., Sharma, P.K. & Singh R.K. (2010). CFD analysis of 2D unsteady flow around a square cylinder. Int. J.
App. Eng. Res. 1, 602-610.
6. Sohankar, A., Davidson, L. & Norberg, C. (1995). Numerical simulation of unsteady flow around a square two-
dimensional cylinder. Twelfth Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, The University of Sydney, Australia, 517-
520.
7. Robichaux, J., Balachandar, S. & Vanka, S.P. (1999). Three-dimensional Floquet instability of the wake of
square cylinder. Phys. Fluids 11(3), 560-578.
8. Abograis, A. & Alshayji, A. (2013). Reduction of fluid forces on a square cylinder using passive control
methods. COMSOL Conference, Boston, USA.

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 Thanks

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