MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS
 TACHOMETER.

AIR FLOW METER

ILLUMINATION METER

CONTENTS DB METER

YARN TENSION METER

HARDNESS TESTER
1.TACHOMETER
It is an instrument used for measuring
the revolution speed of a rotating
object like that of shaft or motor.
Tachometers are used to show the
speed of particular machine or engine

Tachometers indicate revolution per

minute (RPM) of that object
  May be Mechanical (analog) or Electronic (digital).
TYPES OF  On the basis of contact-
TACHOMETERS • Maybe contact and non-contact

Non contact tachometer Contact tachometer Analog tachometer

Mechanical tachometers use electrical and magnetic forces to measure rotation speed;
though they employ principles of electricity, they don’t need batteries.

Electronic tachometers use electronic circuitry such as digital counters to determine RPMs.
They use electric power, so they require batteries or other sources of current

A contact tachometer touches the rotating part you are measuring and is more precise.

A non-contact tachometer uses light from a laser to illuminate a mark on the rotating
equipment; this is typical in certain handheld models.
 The operation of a mechanical tachometer is
similar to that of a mechanical speedometer. A
flexible cable with a rotating shaft connects a
moving part in the engine or transmission to
the gauge. Inside the instrument, the rotating

HOW DOES A shaft controls the position of a needle to

indicate the engine speed.

TACHOMETER
WORK? An electronic tachometer uses a magnetic
pickup positioned near a rotating engine part
to produce electrical pulses at a frequency
proportional to the engine speed. Circuitry in
the meter converts the pulse frequency for the
display of engine RPM using a digital readout
Video on working of Tachometer
 APPLICATIONS
• widely used in automobiles, airplanes, marine
engineering field and many others

car drivers must know the exact rotation speed of

the shaft in order to select the suitable gear for
particular driving conditions. If using a car at
unsuitable gear or prolonged use at high speeds,
there will be an insufficient lubrication, which
impacts the engine. Therefore, tachometers are
must-have in cars to prevent exceeding the top
speeds and protect the engines from insufficient
lubrication.

• Also used in laser instruments

• Tachometer can also be used in apparel industry –
to calculate the rpm of a sewing machine
• Machine rpm decides at what speed the work is
being done and how much time will be taken to
complete it.
• It also decides how much min time is required to
sew a specific length of seam with specific stitch
per inch
2.AIR FLOW METER

• An air flow meter is a device that measures

air flow, i.e, how much air is flowing through
a tube. It does not measure the volume of the
air passing through the tube, it measures the
mass of air flowing through the device per
unit time. Thus, air flow meters are simply an
application of mass flow meters for a special
medium.
• Mass air flow measurements are expressed in
the units of kilograms per second (kg/s).
TYPES OF AIR FLOW
METER

• There are four main types of air flow meters:

• Hot Wire Air Flow Meter

• Vane Air Flow Meter
• Cup Anemometer
• Pitot Tube Air Flow Meter
HOT WIRE AIR FLOW
METER

Hotwire air flow meters use a hot wire These sensors are then placed in
mass airflow sensor to measure the central position across the air stream.
flow rate of air. These sensors are The flowing air cools-off the wire
made of short, circular-shaped which in turn causes its resistance to
platinum or tungsten-like resistive drop-off. This drop in the resistance of
wires which are heated in prior up to a the wire gives a measure of its flow
certain degree of temperature rate.
 These air flow meters employ vane type mass air flow
sensors to measure the amount of air passing through
them. Basically, they comprise of a metered vane
which is placed along the direction of the flowing air.
VANE AIR
FLOW METER This vane will be connected to a spring and usually be
placed in its rest position. However once the air starts
to flow, this vane will get displaced under the pressure
of the spring. This deflection is converted into the
voltage signal with the help of a potentiometer which
is then used to determine the rate of air flow.
CUP ANEMOMETER

• This kind of air flow meter has an arrangement of vertical shaft which supports the horizontal
arms carrying four hemispherical cups. At any instant of time, there would be atleast one cup
facing the direction along which the air flows.

• As a result, flowing wind causes the shaft attached to the device to rotate. The number of turns
made by the shaft over a particular interval of time would give us a measure of speed with which
the wind blows across it
PITOT TUBE AIR FLOW
METER

• These air flow meters are usually employed in aircrafts to measure

the air speed. They can be either impact or cantilever or static in
nature. In pitot-static type, the pitot tube will comprise of two
ports pitot and static. Generally, the pitot port is inserted into the
duct so as to face the air flow.

• Here a pitot port measures the dynamic pressure of airflow, while

the static port gives an estimate of the static pressure from the
small holes present along the tube-side. The difference between
these two pressures gives a measure of flow rate of air.
 APPLICATIONS OF AIRFLOW METER
• Air flow meters provide great savings in energy to textile manufacturers as it optimizes its process such as spinning & weaving by
accurate measurement of compressed air
• Other common applications in the textile process in which thermal mass flow meters are ideal for are: compressed air and
combustion control. Both are important applications for thermal flow meters that lead to more efficient plant performance.
1. Air meters are used in many industries to achieve proper ratio of fuel to compressed air which in turn leads to efficient ignition,
and hence maximum flame.
2. Air meters are used as safety devices in hazardous environments such as mining and nuclear power plants, in which people are
subjective to heavy risks.
3. Airflow meters when used as a component in automobiles, ensuring that the proper amount of air enters into the internal
combustion engine.
4. Ventilation installations also use air flow meters to monitor the air which flows through them.
3.ILLUMINATION
METER/LUX METER
• A lux meter is a device for measuring
brightness, specifically, the intensity with
which the brightness appears to the human
eye.
• A lux meter works by using a photo cell to
capture light. The meter then converts this
light to an electrical current, and measuring
this current allows the device to calculate the
lux value of the light it captured.
• The meters measure illumination in terms of
luxes or foot-candles are known as Lux
meters or Light meters
• A lux is equal to the total intensity of light that falls
on a one square meter surface that is one foot away
from the point of source of light
• A foot-candle is equal to the total intensity of light
that falls on a one square foot surface that is one foot
away from the point source of light
• Special features include low battery Indicators, low
voltage, alarms, remote light sensors, built-in
memory, auto power off, zero function etc.
• Luxmeters or light meters requires certain
performance specifications include photocell,
illumination range, Lux resolution, operating
temperature and foot candle resolution
LUX METER WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Most of the lux meters consist of a body, photocell or light sensor, and display. The
light that falls on to the photocell or sensor contains energy that is converted to
electric current. In turn, the amount of current depends on the light that strokes the
photocell or light sensor. Lux meters read the electrical current, calculate the
appropriate value, and shows this value on its display.
• It is the basic lux meter working principle. Analog luxmeters display values on a dial
usually with a needle or pointer whereas digital devices display values as numbers
letters. A Lux meter may be portable or bench type.
• Since light usually contains different colors different wavelengths, the reading
represents the combined effects of all the wavelengths. Typically, standard colors or
color temperatures are expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). The standard color
temperature for the calibration of most lux meters is 2856°K, an amount that is more
yellow than pure white.
Video on lux meter
 APPLICATIONS

• Lux meters are used to measure levels of light in schools, hospitals, production areas, laboratories. They
are also used to monitor light-sensitive displays in museums, art galleries etc.
• Environmental parameters in a garment manufacturing industry such as illumination were measured
using lux meter
• Lux meter is used to check illumination of an industry
• we use lux meter in our labs to measure visibility and maintains it by providing extra bulbs/tubes, so that
we can provide good visibility to complete day to day tasks with comfort
• The most common use of a lux meter is in photography and video filming. By measuring the light in
luxes, photographers can adjust their shutter speed and depth of field to get the best picture quality.
CORRECT METHOD TO MEASURE
ILLUMINATION

To Measure the Intensity of Light Source by a lux meter

• keep the light source one foot away from the light sensor,
• now switch on the lux meter,
• note down the reading from Lux meter.
No shadows should be allowed to fall on the light sensor during measurements, and the light sensor should
be held perfectly horizontally and stationary for accurate results.
4.DECIBEL METER
 4.DB METER

• A decibel meter is a measuring instrument used to assess noise or sound levels by measuring
sound pressure. Often referred to as a sound pressure level (SPL) meter, decibel (dB) meter,
noise meter or noise dosimeter, a sound level meter uses a microphone to capture sound. The
sound is then evaluated within the device and acoustic measurement values are displayed.
• The most common unit of acoustic measurement for sound is the decibel (dB)
TYPES OF DB METERS
There are two types or classes assigned to
decibel meters:
• type 1 / class 1
• type 2 / class 2.
For precision-grade assessments often
made in a laboratory, a type 1 / class 1
sound level meter primarily is used.
For assessing noise in basic industrial,
commercial, educational, recreational or
residential applications, a type 2 / class 2
decibel meter usually will suffice.
HOW DO DB
METERS WORK? • Sound level meters look quite simple. They have a pointy stick at the
top, which is the microphone that samples and measures the sound.
The stick keeps the microphone away from the body of the
instrument, cutting out reflections, and giving a more accurate
measurement. Inside the square box at the bottom of the meter,
electronic circuits measure the sound detected by the microphone
and amplify and filter it in various ways before showing a readout on
a digital LCD display.
 • It is used to determine tension of moving yarn during fabric
5.YARN manufacturing process in textile industry.

TENSION • Better than Analogue Yarn Tension Meter and it is used to

determine tension of moving yarn in knitting, weaving, winding,
METER twisting, warping, beaming, sizing, machines. This instrument
determines load during processing of yarn while spinning and
winding, followed again during warping, it is also used during weft
winding. Yarn being very sensitive to tension should be checked by
means of tension meter
• The instrument is very sensitive, give reproducible and stable
readings, if the measuring conditions are repeated; therefore it is
advisable to select proper range of tension meter.
TYPES OF YARN TENSION METERS

• There are two ways of controlling yarn tension in any textile process:
• 1. By measuring it manually using a hand-held or Table-top tensiometer and tensioning the yarn when it
is running by using passive devices, which are called tension generators or compensators or simply
tensioning devices
• 2. By using active devices/electronic devices that can measure and feedback the yarn tension in real-
time using sensors and actuators and therefore become an automatic control system.
The advantage in the case of electronic yarn tension measurement systems is their ability to measure yarn
tension over a wider range. Also, these devices are very precise when yarn tension is being measured at high
velocities. There are better options for collecting data from the sensor, which can be used later to carry out
statistics and to deduce values
 DIGITAL YARN TENSION METER RALLER
TYPE
• Digital Yarn Tension Meter (Roller Type Blue) is used to determine the online tension of moving yarn in
knitting & weaving machines, also used by texturising units, TFO (Two For One) Twisting units, Sizing
Units, Draw Warping Units, and POY units.
• This instrument determines load during processing of yarn while spinning and winding, followed again
during warping, it is also used during weft winding.
• This instrument is manufactured in an easy to handle design, size and weight.
• Gives accurate results.
• Range 0 gm. - 300gm
• 0.1 gm. Deviation
• 3 Button cells.
 HOW DOES IT WORK?
Press I/O button to start tension metre and wait till 0.0
Press display value.

Press the M (Mode) button to select weight in gm., will

Press display g /With Max Hold Facility option.

Hold Hold the sensor in the direction of the path of yarn.

Then press T (Tare) button and wait for 0.0 values on

Press screen.

Take yarn in the path of three rallers by using knob behind

Take the unit.

Then maintain the passage of yarn by pressing instrument

Maintain back side and get actual reflection of load.

During checking procedure can use mode / M buttons to

Max see last changed max value.

Video on its working

 APPLICATIONS
• Yarn tension measurement is required in large volume winding of industrial wires, cable, composite
lament, and textile cloth to assure uniformed cable, producing a high quality and a consistent product.
The sensors assure even tension in each of the component yarns, typically in a closed loop system to
control the break for each line.

In the Optical Fiber In the Textile Industry In the Knitting Industry In the sewing industry
Production Online tension sensor exact adjusting of yarn For adjusting yarn breaks on
e. g. winding to control the bobbin feeders of circular industrial sewing machines
machine cree knitting machines
 6.HARDNESS METER

 HARDNESS
Hardness is not a intrinsic material property dictated by precise definitions in terms of fundamental units of mass ,
length and time
The usual method to achieve a hardness value is to measure the depth or area of an indentation left by an indenter
of a specific shape, with a specific force for a specific time.

 Hardness tester, device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of
a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, or hard steel.
 HARDNESS
MEASUREME
NT
TYPES OF HARDNESS
TESTER
Hardness testing machines perform
three common kinds of scientific
hardness tests:
• The Brinell hardness test
• The Rockwell hardness test
• The Vickers hardness test
• The Shore scleroscope
A.BRINELL HARDNESS
• The Brinell hardness test is typically used to
evaluate materials that are too coarse or that have
an exterior that is too rough for other test
techniques.
• Brinell hardness is determined by forcing a
hardened steel or carbide ball of known diameter
under a known load into a surface and measuring
the diameter of the indentation with a microscope
• The Brinell hardness number is obtained by
dividing the load, in kilograms, by the spherical
area of the indentation in square millimetres; this
area is a function of the ball diameter and the
depth of the indentation.
B. THE ROCKWELL HARDNESS
TESTER

• The Rockwell hardness tester utilizes either a steel ball or a conical

diamond known as a brale and indicates hardness by determining the
depth of penetration of the indenter under a known load. This depth
is relative to the position under a minor initial load; the
corresponding hardness number is indicated on a dial.
• For hardened steel, Rockwell testers with brale indenters are
particularly suitable; they are widely used in metalworking plants.
• The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC,
etc., where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale
C. THE VICKERS HARDNESS TESTER
• It uses a square-based diamond pyramid indenter, and the hardness
number is equal to the load divided by the product of the lengths of the
diagonals of the square impression.
• Vickers hardness is the most accurate for very hard materials and can
be used on thin sheets.
• Alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials
• The Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since
the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter,
and the indenter can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness
• The basic principle, as with all common measures of hardness, is to
observe a material's ability to resist plastic deformation from a
standard source.
• The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid
Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH).
D. THE KNOOP HARDNESS
TEST
• Knoop (HK) is an alternative to the Vickers
test in the micro hardness testing range. It is
mainly used to overcome cracking in brittle
materials, as well as to facilitate the hardness
testing of thin layers. The indenter is an
asymmetrical pyramidal diamond, and the
indent is measured by optically measuring the
long diagonal.
• Used for hard and brittle materials, such as
ceramics
• Suitable for small elongated areas, such as
coatings
 A hardness test is typically performed by pressing a specifically
dimensioned and loaded object (indenter) into the surface of the
material you are testing. The hardness is determined by
measuring the depth of indenter penetration or by measuring the
size of the impression left by an indenter.
HOW DO
HARDNES Hardness tests that measure the depth of indenter penetration

S TESTS include: Rockwell, Instrumented Indentation Testing, and Ball

Indentation Hardness

WORK?
Hardness tests that measure the size of the impression left by the
indenter include: Vickers, Knoop, and Brinell
 Package hardness tester is used to
evaluate the hardness of yarn
packages, cone, top rollers of draw
frame , roving frame and ring frame etc

APPLICATIONS
It is very useful in textile mills, college
and universities
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HARDNESS TESTING

1 2 3 4 5

External factors such as The tester and stage The indenter Illumination The tester should
light, dirt, vibrations, should be secured on settings should be be
a solid horizontal should be
temperature, and table, and the sample perpendicular to constant during the recalibrated/verifie
humidity should be test when using d every time you
controlled
should be clamped or the tested Vickers, Knoop, or change the
held in a holder or
anvil surface Brinell indenter or
objective lens
• The type of material to be hardness
tested
• Whether compliance with a standard IMPORTANT
is required
• The approximate hardness of the CONSIDERATIONS
material
• The homogeneity/heterogeneity of WHILE CHOOSING
the material
• The size of the part HARDNESS TEST
• Whether mounting is necessary
• The number of samples to be tested
METHOD:-
• The required accuracy of the result
 REFERENCES
HTTPS://WWW.YOURELECTRICALGUIDE.COM/2019/05/LUX-METER-WORKING-PRINCIPLE.HTML - LUX METER
HTTPS://WWW.PCE-INSTRUMENTS.COM/ENGLISH/MEASURING-INSTRUMENTS/TEST-METERS/DECIBEL-METER-
KAT_162375.HTM
-DB METER
HTTPS://WWW.HANS-SCHMIDT.COM/EN/INFO/TYPICAL-APPLICATIONS/
- YARN TENSION METER
- HTTPS://TEXTILETESTINGEQUIPMENT.COM/YARN-TENSION-METER - YARN TENSION METER
- HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/TECHNOLOGY/HARDNESS-TESTER#REF46719 – HARDNESS TESTER
- HTTPS://WWW.STRUERS.COM/EN/KNOWLEDGE/HARDNESS-TESTING# - HARDNESS TESTER