CLOUD

COMPUTING
Chapter 9
Acknowledgement
Author: Roger McHaney
Book: Cloud Technologies: An Overview of Cloud Computing Technologies for Managers
Publisher: Wiley
Material Title: Chapter 9 Slides

Copyright Notice
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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What other Services Run in the Cloud?
■Cloud offers many options to organizations ranging from replacing its entire infrastructure to just
supplementing key software applications
– DevOps: How the cloud is changing the way that applications are developed and deployed
– Microservices: Software design approach that leverages cloud flexibility in small increments
– Other Topics: cloud database applications, analytics services, Hadoop, and open source
private cloud software
■IT specialist roles are altered by new cloud technologies and innovative ways of solving
problems
DevOps
■ Integration between an organization’s software development practices and its IT
operation
■ Enables developers to work closely with those running their software to automate the
process of creating and deploying new or updated applications
■ Key is collaboration: software developers and IT teams build, test, and release software
in reliable and rapid ways that focus on teamwork and integration
■ Breaks down functional silos to create a new culture that enhances an organization’s
ability to solve problems and deploy solutions leveraging expertise from two related
areas
■ Cloud provides a platform for this to occur and ensures agile software development
practices are integrated into outcomes
Key DevOps Areas in Cloud Computing
Key DevOps Ingredients (1 of 3)
■Ingredient #1: Communication: Technical expertise is a prerequisite to DevOps, but
communication and interpersonal skills have moved to the top of the required
attributes list. DevOps uses agile methods to create business value from technology
solutions.
■Ingredient #2: Collaboration: DevOps emerged due to need to integrate development
and operations in IT. Hence, collaboration is its key cultural attribute with rapid and
formative feedback; and modern toolkits to enable and enhance interaction.
Key DevOps Ingredients (2 of 3)
■Ingredient #3: Flow: Agile principles ensure DevOps achieves its goals. Flow
means value-adding work continually occurs without delay between process steps.
Each activity enhances the overall project in the shortest time frame possible.
■Ingredient #4: Continuous Improvement: Feedback loop that moves from end-
users back to developers underlies the basic premise of DevOps: continuously
finding problems or weaknesses and working to resolve them with long-term,
forward-thinking solutions.
Agile versus Older Waterfall Methodology
Key DevOps Ingredients (3 of 3)
■Ingredient #5: Lean Computing: Cloud environments lend themselves to lean because they are
highly responsive to change in organizational demands and enable organizations to ensure
resource usage matches resource demand (e.g. elasticity). ‘Less is more’ and cloud resources
should only be deployed to the level needed.
■Ingredient #6: Tool Kit: Tools enhance DevOps group needs. The best tools include
collaboration, interaction, and organizational features that enable group members to connect in
non-intrusive but sophisticated ways at times that work best.
■Ingredient #7: Quality: All DevOps ingredients comprise a broader concept: quality. Everyone
must ensure that service delivery is the highest quality and is a shared responsibility. The term,
collective accountability, is used in many organizations to describe that a team has a common
goal: a healthy IT system for the organization.
Lean Computing Principles
 Eliminate Waste
 Continually Learn
 Empower Teams
 Ensure Integrity and Transparency
 Decide as Late as Possible
 Deliver Rapidly
 View Systems Holistically
 Tool

GitHub
Use

Version Control / Source Code

Management
DEVOPS
Microsoft Visual
Studio
Version Control / Source Code
Management TOOLKIT
Puppet Configuration Management /
Automation and Orchestration
COMPONENT
S
Chef Configuration Management /
Automation and Orchestration

SharePoint Resource Sharing / Collaboration

Zoom.us Collaboration / Interaction

Trello Organization / Resource Sharing /

Interaction

Nagios Monitoring
Problem Solving Techniques
Cloud computing, like any organizational knowledge work, can approach problem-
solving with formal approaches like DMAIC, TRIZ, or Kepner-Tregoe.
DMAIC from Six Sigma

Define: Determines the problem and sets project goals

Measure: Better determines how the problem can be
quantified
Analyze: Team collects any remaining items required
and analyzes the data and creates a baseline with the
data for use after the solution is implemented
Improve: Potential solutions are developed to evaluate
and use as a best solution
Control: Ensures the solution works and compares new
data against the benchmarks to provide evidence
Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving or TRIZ
(From Soviet Union)
 Both problems and solutions repeat in different industries and technologies.
 Problems are ‘contradictions’ that have been solved before. Therefore, creative
solutions can be predicted.
 Technologies evolve according to repeating patterns.
 Innovation often comes from inspection of patterns from outside the current
field.
TRIZ Methodology
TRIZ
Contradiction
Matrix
Microservices
■Rethink application architecture in cloud environments
■Instead of viewing applications as single units, they are composed of
numerous small services
■Each service is independent
■Provides a result or requests information via HTTP or REST API
Microservices vs. Traditional Approaches
Microservices Advantages
■Variety of languages, approaches, and platforms can be used to develop a microservice since it is an
independent building block of a system
■Application’s big picture does not need to be shared with developers in mission-critical or sensitive
areas
■New applications can be pieced together quickly, using previously tested microservices
■Operations using microservices more effective because each service is independently scalable and
updatable
■Permits key IT infrastructure elements to be isolated or released with higher levels of security and
additional monitoring capabilities which aids in governance
■Well suited to containerization
KEY MICROSERVICE ELEMENTS
Cloud Database
■Scalable collections of data, organized, stored, and accessed using software within a cloud
environment.
■Three general forms:
– Traditional databases running in a cloud environment
– Virtual machine databases: virtual machine image of the software provided by the vendor
– Database-as-a-service (DBaaS) models: Cloud vendor runs and maintains the database
system on their infrastructure and the cloud user obtains accounts and instances of the
database for their organization’s use
■May use SQL or NoSQL approaches
 SQL
DATABAS
E
EXAMPLE
S
Implementation Virtual DBaaS

SQL
Machine

IBM DB2 Amazon RDS

EXAMPLE
Ingres
MySQL
Google Cloud SQL
Oracle Database Cloud Service CLOUD
DATABASE
Oracle Database Microsoft Azure SQL Server
PostgreSQL
SAP HANA

NoSQL Apache Cassandra

CouchDB
Amazon DynamoDB
Azure DocumentDB
PRODUCTS
Hadoop Google Cloud Bigtable
MongoDB Google Cloud Datastore
MongoDB Database as a Service
Oracle NoSQL Database Cloud Service
DBaaS
■Type of SaaS
■Be sure the vendor offers a product with features that permit:
 Data transfer to another system should it be required.
 Clear backup and recovery procedures.
 Security, encryption, and other safeguards.
 Server provisioning and elasticity based on demand and needs.
Cloud Analytics
 Natural synergy exists
between analytics and cloud
computing
 Subscription-based approach
works well
 Many analytics projects
are single time efforts
making elastic service is
cost-effective
 Analytics project results
are shared
 Analytics software can be
complex to maintain,
update and secure
 Data already resides on cloud
Helpful Cloud Analytics Features
 State-of-the-art storage resources
 Elastic computing power
 Usage-based cost models
 Data warehouses and other repositories suited to a variety of data types
 Sharing and collaboration tools
 Data model tools
 Analytics tools and statistical tool sets
 Reporting tools and visualization capability
 Governance models and support
 Security features
 Back-up, recovery, and archival tools
Example Cloud Analytics Packages

■Microsoft Power Bi Service: Fully featured business and data analytics tool with capabilities ranging
from data acquisition to data modeling to output report generation. Cloud-based service that directly
interfaces with on-premise desktop versions of Power BI. Has wide base of users and offers visualization
tools from Microsoft and third-party developers.
■Domo: Both software company and its product used for business intelligence and visualization. It
suggests data holds stories and the tool enables analysts to extract and communicate those stories.
■IBM Analytics: Cloud-based analytics service that focuses on business and social media data. Uses
artificial intelligence algorithms for predictive analytics.
■Tableau: Popular visualization software system used widely in sciences, business, economics, and other
areas. Offers visualizations that permit users to drill down into the data with increasing levels of detail.
Hadoop
■Open source data processing and storage framework for distributed systems
■Provides the central data processing infrastructure for organizations engaged in data mining,
business analytics, predictive analytics, machine learning, and other techniques that involve big data
■Developed when it became apparent datasets in distributed environments could become much larger
than current processing systems’ capabilities
■Logical solution became linking smaller, less expensive devices
■Hadoop can run in the cloud but was developed prior to the advent of cloud computing
■Has some security concerns in cloud computing
■Better cloud solutions exist
Apache Spark
■Spark in wide use as computational engine in Hadoop environments
■Does not need Hadoop to operate which makes it ideal for cloud implementation where it can
be used within other data environments
■Many organizations and cloud vendors have structured their analytics tools around Spark
COMPONENTS OF SPARK
Other Analytics Data Platforms
■Apache Storm: Solves problems with Hadoop. Developed and is maintained
by Apache and its user communities for real time data processing, as opposed
to Hadoop’s batch processing approach. Ideally suited for IOT or situations
where data may sporadically appear in rapid spates.  
■Google BigQuery: Complete data analytics environment intended for use in
big data applications. Employs SQL and offers numerous options regarding
ways to retrieve and report data. It offers numerous data mining tools for
uncovering patterns in online data sets.
Private Cloud Computing
■Can be implemented by an organization using own data center
■Requires experienced and full-time IT staff ready to take on all the security, governance,
and technical challenges that cloud vendors usually manage
■Vendors that provide private cloud software include VMWare, Microsoft Cloud, SAP
Cloud Platform, Dell Technologies Cloud, Amazon Virtual Private Cloud and Google
Virtual Private Cloud
■We focus on OpenStack
OpenStack
§ Popular, open-source cloud
software platform (sometimes
called a cloud operating system)
§ Permits IT specialists to control
storage, compute, networking,
and other cloud resources
through a central dashboard
§ Provides the tools needed for an
organization to build and deploy
a cloud infrastructure
§ Ideal for DevOps environments
and puts software deployment
and control in control of team
managing its use
Primary Components of OpenStack
Other Cloud Services
Compute Services: Focus on applications requiring CPU intensive operations as opposed to
data intensive operations. Compute tasks in the cloud are driven by virtual central processing
units (CPUs), arithmetic processing units (APUs), and graphical processing units (GPUs).

Application Services: Fast growing area in cloud computing. Run from servers located in a
cloud-based data center. Most often, application services are off-premise and are shared
resources used by large numbers of end-users which are permitted use of resources according to
their authorization level. Cloud applications services include email, calendaring, business
software, accounting systems, tax software. and so forth. The list is nearly endless.
Chapter 9 Summary
■IT activities and approaches are impacted by cloud computing
■DevOps, while not completely dependent on the cloud, is enabled and promoted by cloud
computing
■IT specialists integrate development and operations actions and monitor the immediate
impact on resources, users, and security functions
■Many IT resources are enhanced in cloud environments
■Examples included database services, data analytics, and big data operations
■Open source software platforms may be adapted to specific business models
–Private cloud operating system
–Infrastructure from several open source pieces
■Cloud computing and its transformational nature is very apparent