LESSON 3

SENTENCES TYPES,
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
THE ELEMENTS OF SENTENCE
 In English language, it is important that sentences are
communicated clearly.
 Sentences must follow certain patterns that can be described in
grammatical terms.
 In writing sentences, we always include the two basic parts of a
sentence: the subject and predicate.
 They always go together to make a complete sentence.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
SUBJECTS
In a sentence, the subject performing the action can be a noun, noun phrase, or a noun
clause. To examine sentences, grammar experts have determined three kinds of
subjects.

 Complete Subject – “The tall tree swayed in the wind.” “The tall tree” is the
complete subject and is usually the entire noun phrase. This is usually found before
the verb.
 Simple Subject – the word “tree” is the simple subject. Simple subjects can be is
the main noun or pronoun being talked about in a sentence.
 Compound Subject – “The sturdy young man and the child didn’t get along very
well.” The underlined groups of words are called compound subjects. Compound
subjects consist of two or more subjects joined together by conjunctions. Remember
that the simple subjects of that sentence are “man and child”.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
PREDICATES
 As with subjects, predicates can be categorized as complete
predicates, simple predicate and compound predicates.
 To form a grammatically correct and complete sentence, the predicate
must include a verb.
 It can also include objects, complements and adverbials.
 A complete predicate in a sentence includes a verb that tells
something about the complete subject.
 In the sentence “Jonathan” father makes shoes”, the complete
predicate is makes shoes and the simple verb is makes.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
OBJECTS
 In English, an object in a sentence is considered the receiver of the
action.
 “Leslie dropped the ball” or “She ate the cake”. Objects can be a word
or group of words which function as a noun and each type of object
can be classified as complete, simple or compound object.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
OBJECTS
Objects, categorized by their different functions in sentences have three
types:

1) Direct Object – “Sandra wrote a poem.” (What did Sandra wrote? A

poem.)
2) Indirect Object – “Sandra gave me a poem she wrote.” (Who did
Sandra give the poem? me.)
3) Prepositional Object – “I wrote on the wall.” (Where did he write?
On the wall).
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
COMPLEMENTS
 Complements are words that complete the predicate by describing a
noun in sentence.
 Linking verbs are followed by a complement to form a complete
sentence.
 There are four kinds of complement: subject complement, object
complement, adjective and verb complement.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
 This functions as a noun, pronoun or adjective.
 It comes with a linking verb and tells something about the subject of
the sentence.
 There are three kinds of subject complement:

The predicative nominative which appears with a linking verb and

renames, identifies or explains the subject of the sentence.

The new president of the company will be Dana.

(Dana renames president)
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
 There are three kinds of subject complement:

The predicate adjective is an adjective that appears with a linking verb

and describes the subject of the sentence.

The spread of the virus seemed uncontrollable.

(uncontrollable describes spread)
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
 There are three kinds of subject complement:

The adverbial complement is an adverb with a linking verb and tells

something of a place.

Nelson is in the market.

(market tells the adverb of place)
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
 It is a word found only with direct object.
 It usually comes after a direct object to rename it or tell what it has
become. “I colored my drawing yellow.”
 It is the object complement which modifies the direct object, either by
describing it or renaming it. “The people called him boss.”
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
 Functional part of the sentence that completes or complements the
adjective.
 It can be a noun clause or a prepositional phrase. “I was happy that
she was chosen.” “That she was chosen” is a noun clause. “I am very
worried of the situation.” Of the situation is a prepositional phrase.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
VERB COMPLEMENT
 It refers to direct and indirect objects.
 Others use it to refer to a complement happening after a linking verb
(a subject complement).
 The complement must give some information about our description of
the subject.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
EXERCISE NO. 1
Identifying sentence elements. Identify the element of the underlined
word/s.

1. Who gave you the medicine?

2. Who gave you the medicine?
3. The participants asked him many questions.
4. The participants asked him many questions.
5. All the family members are invited at the party.
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AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO USE/FUNCTIONS
Writing involves different kinds of sentences.
These are declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative
sentence and exclamatory sentence. These sentences have different
functions depending on their purposes.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
It tells or expresses a statement an idea or opinion which ends with a
period.

Examples:
I want to learn how to create a web design. (statement)
Antonio is a good web designer. (opinion)
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AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
It gives a direction or an order, command or request. It may end with a
period or an exclamation point depending on what is the situation.

Examples:

Clean up to your room.

Please move your chair.
Move!
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
It delivers strong feeling and ends with an exclamatory point. This feeling
can be a feeling of anger, happiness, excitement, or surprise.

Examples:

That was great!

What a wonderful day it is!
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
There are some exclamatory sentences which may seem asking a
question, but still are considered exclamatory sentence because of the
words behind it have strong emotion.

Examples:

Can you believe that!

Look what you’ve done!
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
It asks question and ends with a question mark. It usually answers
sentences that start with five w’s, how and do.

Examples:

When are you coming home?

How did you get the virus?
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AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
EXERCISE NO. 2
Identifying the function of sentences. Write declarative, imperative,
exclamatory or interrogative.

1. I lost my book!
2. Watch your step!
3. See what you did!
4. Did you get the record?
5. You look great today.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE
A SIMPLE SENTENCE consists of one independent clause (the
independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought).

Ex.I love going to the mall.

Xia loves visiting the park.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE
A COMPOUND SENTENCE consists of two or more independent
clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon. Alone, each of these
clause form a sentence.

Ex.I love going to the mall and Xia loves visiting the park.

These seven coordinating conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
and so.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE
A COMPLEX SENTENCE comprises the independent clause and a dependent clause.
The dependent clause starts with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and
consists of a subject and a verb, but does not have a complete thought.

Independent clause – Subordinating Conjunction – Dependent Clause

She failed the course because she didn’t show up in class.
My dog hid under the table when he heard the noise from firecrackers.

Some of the subordinating conjunctions are: although, because, that, how, till, as, after,
until, once, than, when, before, where, if while, whether, though

The five basic relative pronouns are that, which, who, whom, whose
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
LESSON 03
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE
The COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE is consist of at least two independent clauses
and one or more dependent clauses.

Independent clause – Subordinating conjunction dependent clause – coordinating

conjunction – independent clause

Examples:
1. Sheryl didn’t appear in the show because she was so sick so the people were
disappointed.
2. I left in a hurry when I got an emergency call but I came back in the afternoon.
SENTENCES TYPES, STRUCTURES
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LESSON 03
EXERCISE NO. 3
Select the option that best describes the sentence.

1. Cris and Shara had an argument over where they should hold their wedding.
2. Shara likes visiting the orphanage and spend time with the kids there.
3. Cris, on the other hand, likes the feeling that he gets helping the homeless people and
he enjoys distributing food to the people.
4. This year, Cris and Shara, after a lengthy debate, they chose to spend their vacation
in Palawan.
5. The twins always attend class early and they got the perfect attendance award of the
year.