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X-Ray Grids

X-ray grids consist of alternating strips of lead and aluminum placed in front of x-ray film to reduce scatter radiation and improve image quality. Grids are characterized by their ratio of lead strip height to space between strips, and their ability to transmit primary radiation while blocking scatter is measured by factors like primary transmission, bucky factor, and contrast improvement factor. Common grid patterns include linear, cross, parallel and focused grids, with linear grids allowing tube angulation without blocking primary rays.

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242 views21 pages

X-Ray Grids

X-ray grids consist of alternating strips of lead and aluminum placed in front of x-ray film to reduce scatter radiation and improve image quality. Grids are characterized by their ratio of lead strip height to space between strips, and their ability to transmit primary radiation while blocking scatter is measured by factors like primary transmission, bucky factor, and contrast improvement factor. Common grid patterns include linear, cross, parallel and focused grids, with linear grids allowing tube angulation without blocking primary rays.

Uploaded by

A-42 Aditya Pande
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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X-ray Grids

(Anti-Scatter Grid)
Why have a grid?

• Scatter radiation are produced when


primary radiation passes through subject
• Without a grid radiographic fog is
produced on the film which degrades the
diagnostic quality
What is a Grid?
• X-Ray grids consist of a
series of lead strips placed
in front of the X-Ray film,
and are used in some
diagnostic techniques to
improve image quality by
stopping scatter radiation
from reaching the X-Ray
film.
• Acts as a filter to remove
scatter radiation before it hit
the film
Grid Structure
• Composed of high x-ray
transmitting material and
high x-ray absorbing
material, each aligned
alternately and regularly
• Transmitting material
example is aluminium
strips
• Absorbing material
example is lead strips
Grid Ratio
• Height of lead strips compared to space
between strips
• R = h/D
• Typically 5:1 to 12:1
• any grid in which the lead strips are eight units
high and one unit apart will have a grid ratio of
8:1.
• The higher the grid ratio, the more scatter
radiation is blocked, but then there is also more
lead in the grid and therefore more useful X-
Rays are blocked, too.
Grid Patterns
• Linear grid
• Cross grid
• Parallel grid
• Focused grid
Linear Grid
• Lead strips are parallel to each other in
their longitudinal axis
• Advantage:
allow us to angle the X-ray tube along
the length of grid without loss of
primary radiation from grid
Cross Grid (cross hatch)
• 2 grids on top of each other with lead
strips of one perpendicular to other
• Two superimposed linear grids
• Disadvantage:
We cant used where angulation of X-
ray tube is required
Parallel Grid
• Lead strips parallel to
each other
• Strips are never aligned
with primary beam since
all are vertical (except for
strips directly under
central ray
• Cut off on both sides of
film whenever used
Focussed Grid
• Lead strips are tilted progressively as they
move away from centre
• Grid focus where perfect alignment of
primary beam with lead strips
Evaluation of Grid Performance
Three factors
•Primary Transmission
•Bucky Factor
•Contrast Improvement Factor
Primary Transmission
• Primary transmission is basically the
percentage of primary X-Rays which pass
through the grid and hit the film
• Ideally grid should transmit 100 % primary
radiation
• Measured by using the same apparatus with
and without the grid in place.
• can also be estimated from the thickness of
the lead strips and the gaps in between
• TP = IP / I'P x 100
TP = primary transmission (%)
IP = intensity with grid
I'P = intensity without grid
• TP = D / (D + d) x 100
TP = estimated primary transmission (%)
D = thickness of gaps
d = thickness of lead strips
• Grids will generally have a TP between 50%
and 75%,
Measurement of primary radiation
Bucky Factor
• The Bucky factor (B) is the ratio of X-
Rays arriving at the grid, known as the
incident radiation, and those actually
being transmitted through the grid.
• This measurement is important as it
indicates how much we must increase
exposure factors when we change from
non-Grid to grid technique
• B = incident radiation / transmitted
radiation

• It is measure of the total quantity of radiation


absorbed from an X-ray beam by grid
• It is measured grids ability to absorb scatter
radiation.
• Higher the bucky factor , greater the
exposure factor and radiation dosage to
patient
Measurement of Bucky factor
Contrast Improvement Factor

• The contrast improvement factor (K) is


a measurement of the change in
contrast gained by adding a grid in
front of the film

• K = contrast with grid / contrast without


grid
• K is usually measured at a peak kilo
voltage of 100, with a 20cm thick water
phantom between the X-Ray tube and film.
• The contrast improvement factor is a very
useful measurement as it determines how
good the grid is at doing its job
Moving Grid
• moving grids are used to prevent the
grid from leaving a visible shadow on
the X-Ray film.
• Each time an X-Ray exposure is made,
the grid moves quickly to a position
between 1 and 3cm back and forth from its
starting position,

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