Definition

• A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-

volatile data storage device. Non-volatile
refers to storage devices that maintain
stored data when turned off. All
computers need a storage device, and
HDDs are just one example of a type of
storage device.
• HDDs are usually installed inside desktop
computers, mobile devices, consumer
electronics and enterprise storage arrays
in data centers. They can store operating
systems, software programs and other
files using magnetic disks.
 Disk Structure
The disk is also know as secondary memory.
The secondary in the form of the magnetic disks.
Therefore , knowing the structure of the disk is necessary.
Disk has a some important parts that need to know are
Platter , sector , track and head
Inner image of Disk
Disk Seek Time

Seek time is the time

taken for a hard disk
controller to locate a
specific piece of
stored data.
Time taken up to the
desire track.
 Disk Scheduling Algorithm
• The disk scheduling algorithm is the only goal to minimize the seek time taken by
the disk structure.
• To understand seek time first need to understand hard disk architecture.
• Multiple Platter in HDD, CD structure.
• Each Platter have different Tracks.
• Inside track there are Sectors.
• Therefore the data store in a Sectors.
• To fetch the data , need to reach to Sector
• R/W head will determine in surface in which
Track storing the data.
Desire track
• If we are fetching the data from the track , there are numbers of track are
available into the surface of the Platter.
• Though , at that time the r/w head have to move back and forth to find the
Desire Track.
• R/W head may be at 0 Sector and data need to fetch from 10 position of the
track then the head need to move accordingly.
• This movement need to seek the data and this kind of the seeking in Disk
Structure is actually a seek time.
• Therefore to fetch data from the disk there may need various timing like seek
Time, Rotational , transfer , response and access Time.
• Finally , the goal is to reduce seek time in disk scheduling algorithm.
Common Failure of
HDD
Bad Sectors
Mechanical failure
Logical failure 
Electrical failure
Firmware failure

Multiple unknown failures

Common hard disk Failure
• Electrical failure occurs when, for example,
A power surge damages a hard disk's electronic circuitry, causing the read/write head or circuit
board to fail.
If a hard disk powers on but cannot read and write data or boot, it is likely that one or more of its
components has suffered an electrical failure.
• Mechanical failure can be caused by wear and tear, as well as by a hard impact, like a hard drop.
This may cause, among other things, the read/write drive head to hit a rotating platter, causing
irreversible physical damage.
• Logical failure results when the hard disk's software is compromised or ceases to run properly.
All sorts of data corruption can lead to a logical failure. This includes corrupted files, malware and
viruses, improperly closing an application or shutting down a computer, human error or accidentally
deleting files that are critical to hard disk functionality.
• Bad sector failure 
Can occur when the magnetic media on a hard disk's rotating platter is misaligned, resulting in a specific
area on the platter becoming inaccessible.
Bad sectors are common and often limited when they occur. Over time, however, the number of bad
sectors can increase, eventually leading to a system crash, inaccessible files or the hanging or lagging of
the operation of a hard disk.
• Firmware failure 
happens when the software that performs the maintenance tasks on a drive and enables the hard disk to
communicate with a computer becomes corrupted or stops working properly.
This type of failure can lead to the disk freezing during boot up or the computer a hard disk is connected
to not recognizing or misidentifying it.
• Multiple unknown failures that accumulate over time can also occur. For example, an electrical
problem could lead to a mechanical failure, such as a read/write head crash. It might also lead to a
logical failure, resulting in several bad sectors developing on the hard disk platters.
SSD
mSATA
PCIe and NVMe SSDs
SSD hard Disk (Solid State Hard Disk)
• A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device used in
computers.
• SSDs store data using flash-based memory, which is much faster than
the traditional hard disks they've come to replace.
• SSDs also have no moving parts, and upgrading to one is a great way
to speed up your computer and make it more resilient.
• SSDs work and how to keep them optimized with performance-
boosting software.
What do solid-state drives do?

• SSDs store data permanently inside an integrated circuit, typically

using flash memory.
• The flash memory inside an SSD means data is written, transferred,
and erased electronically and silently — SSDs don’t have the moving
parts found inside mechanical hard-disk drives (HDDs).
• Without moving parts, SSDs are fast and quiet, but they have a high
price tag compared to HDDs.
What are solid-state drives used for?

• Today, almost all new laptops and desktop computers use SSDs for non-
volatile data storage (meaning data stored persistently that doesn’t
disappear when a device is turned off, like RAM).
• SSDs offer extremely fast data storage and retrieval, and they’re smaller and
lighter than HDDs, giving computer manufacturers more design flexibility.
• SSD adoption began with PC enthusiasts and in high-performance
technology areas, where the extremely low access times and high
throughput of SSDs justified the higher cost.
• But they have since become the standard type of storage drive used in
lower-cost mainstream laptops and PCs.
What are the different types of SSDs

• There are a number of different terms used to describe different types

of SSDs, such as mSATA or PCIe. To attach an SSD to your system or
motherboard, you need to connect it using a specific type of
connection interface. Here’s what you need to know about the most
common SSD interfaces
1. PCIe and NVMe SSDs
2. mSATA III, SATA III, and traditional SSDs
PCIe and NVMe SSDs

• PCI Express (PCIe) is normally used to connect graphics cards, network

cards, or other high-performance hardware.
• This interface gives you high bandwidth and low latency, making it
ideal when you need super fast communication between an SSD and
your CPU/RAM.
• SSDs that use the PCIe connection type are based on the Nonvolatile
Memory Express standard (NVMe), which boasts up to 32 Gbps of raw
throughput and runs at up to 7 Gbps.
mSATA III, SATA III, and traditional
SSDs
•  Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is an older SSD
interface designed specifically for storage, with speeds up to 6 Gbps.
• SATA is slowly being phased out in favor of NVMe, which is
significantly faster.
• But older PCs and laptops with HDDs would still benefit from an
upgrade to a SATA-based SSD.
SSDs available
• SSDs are available in all sorts of storage capacity, starting at around
120 GB and ranging up to 30 TB in the consumer space.
• The most common SSD sizes today are between 250 GB and 500 GB,
which is plenty of space to hold your Windows operating system, the
most common programs and games, and your personal files.
SSD Vs HDD
How does SSD work
• Inside SSDs, data is stored on an integrated circuit, which is a
collection of electronic circuits embedded within a silicon
semiconductor cell.
• SSDs work using flash memory to store and access non-volatile data.
They don’t have mechanical moving parts like HDDs, and they’re
faster, smaller, and lighter than traditional hard-disk drives.
Is an SSD better than an HDD?
• An SSD is usually faster, quieter, and has a longer lifespan than the
average HDD. HDDs are prone to fragmentation and failure due to their
moving parts.
• SSDs, as their name implies, are solid devices that are shock resistant and
thus more durable.
• SSDs are a better choice for Building games, because their data speed
helps games load faster.
• But HDDs are more affordable and can often offer more storage capacity.
• Only thing that vary with the speed and storage mechanism and bad
sectors.
What is SSD vs RAM?
• The more SSD storage you have, the more files, programs, and other
data you can store on your device to access at any time.
• The higher your RAM, the more programs you can run at the same
time.
• To make sure your computer is optimized, check your RAM and your
SSD capacity to ensure you have a good balance.
Is an SSD a hard drive?
• SSDs are not “hard drives,” though both SSDs and HDDs serve the
same purpose of storing data on your computer.
• SSDs rely on flash memory, making them faster, more durable, and
last longer than
• HDDs, which rely on spinning disks and other moving parts to work.
• But the purpose is to store data for longer period.
• Read the data and write through that matters in speed which
determine the value of SSD is hard disk or not.
• General term we say it is however a storage device.
Assignment
• Differentiate Memory and Storage Device?
• Define HDD and new technology storage devices and its types.
• What is bad sector ?
• How does windows based operating system keep track of where
specific files are located in a hard disk?
• What is a partition?
• Lab :
• Create a partitions and assign partition drive letter J and K?