UNIT # 2

“OVERVIEW AND
ORGANIZATION OF
COMPUTER”
PRESENTED BY
GROUP 12
GROUP MEMBERS
► SHEHZIN
► AQSA ASHIQ HUSSAIN
► SHAWANA SOHAIL
► BUSHRA FEROZI
► FABIHA ALI
► SADIA FAZAL
► MURK SAHITO
► JAMEEL YOUSUF RIND
► SAMEER AKHTER
► HARIS
 IN THIS
PRESENTATION:
HISTORY

GENERATIONS

CLASSIFICATIONS

APPLICATIONS
 2.1. INTRODUCTION:

 History and the development of computer helps the students

to keenly observe the evaluation of the computer.

 The different parts of computer work in coordination among

each other.

 They include different components of computer like Bus,

Port, Microprocessor, Main Memory etc.
 2.2. OBJECTIVES:

After completing this unit, students will be able to:

 Describe history and development of computer.
 Distinguish different generations of the computer.
 Classify different types of computer.
 Have knowledge about applications and different parts of
the computer.
 2.3. HISTORY AND
DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTERS:
 The word history means the activities or events that have been passed away.
 The history of computer describes the advancements and growth of computer
technology.
 It is divided into different eras and has its roots starting from pre-historic era.
 2.4. PRE-HISTORIC ERA 4TH
CENTURY B.C. TO 1930S:
2.4.1. Abacus Machine:
 The abacus is a mathematical device which can perform basic
arithmetic problems like addition etc.
 It was the first machine invented in 4th century B.C.
2.4.2. Napier’s Bone:
 John Napier’s Bone were logs which were able to perform
multiplication and division.
 They were invented in 1614 by a Scottish theologian and
mathematician.
 2.4.3. Wilhelm Schickard:
► Wilhelm Schickard built a mechanical calculator in 1623.
► It was capable of performing 6 digit multiplication.

2.4.4. Blaise Pascal:

► Pascal’s mechanical calculator was invented in 1642.
► It had the ability to add and subtract two numbers directly.
► It could multiply and divide by repetition.
► It supported 8 digit calculations.

2.4.5. Charles Babbage:

► Babbage designed “Difference Engine” in1820 which could perform mathematical and
statistical tables.
► Babbage designed “Analytical Engine” in 1842.
► It was a mechanical computer which could solve mathematical problems at an average of 60
calculations per minute.
 Calculators and Inventors

Wilhelm Schickard Blaise Pascal Charles Babbage

YEARS OF INVENTION
 2.5. GENERATIONS OF
With the passage of time, COMPUTERS:
several changes were made in the computer
technology, classified into periods later called Generations of computer.
2.5.1. First Generation of Computer (1951-1958):
 First generations of computer used vacuum tubes technology.
 It used punched cards and magnetic tape as input devices.
 It relied on machine language which consisted of binary instructions.
2.5.1.1. Limitations:
 Vacuum tubes generated much heat.
 Punch card consumed large number of cards for even small programs.
 Magnetic tapes were unable were unable to retrieve large amount of
data.
 2.5.2. Second Generation of Computer (1959-1964):
► A transistor, an electronic component replaced the vacuum tubes.
► Transistors are used for amplification and switching of electric signals.
► Some high level languages like FORTON, COBOL and BASIC were used.
► Due to close resemblance with English language, these languages are also
called high languages.

2.5.2.1. Advantages:
► Transistors were much more reliable and had greater computational
speed.
► Transistors required no warm-up time and consumed less
electricity.
 2.5.3. Third Generation of Computer (1965-1970):
► Integrated circuit (IC) replaced transistors in 3rd generation
computers.
► ICs were smaller in size and better in performances.
► Keyboards and monitors were used as input and output devices.
► PASCAL was used as a high level language.

2.5.3.1. Advantages:
► Integrated Circuits were more reliable.
► Silicon chips were cheaper due to smaller size and less electric
consumption.
 2.5.4. Fourth Generation of Computer (1980):
► Fourth generations of computers were based on two technologies, LSI
and VLSI.

2.5.5. Fifth Generation of Computer (1990s):

► Voice recognition was used as additional special feature.

► Optical fibre technology was used for communication.
► Artificial Intelligence was also introduced.
 2.6. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS:
Classification of computer fall into two broad categories
● Size (Physical Appearance)
● Purpose (Objective)
2.6.1. Size:
2.6.1.1. Microcomputers:
► Microcomputers are also known as personal because they are
generally used in homes for purposes like making drawings,
budgeting and playing music etc.
► Micro computers uses micro processor as its central processing unit.
2.6.1.2. Laptop Computers:
► Laptops are also called notebook computers.
► All components like keyboard, mouse, etc. are all placed in one unit.
 2.6.1.3. Minicomputer:
► A minicomputer supports hundreds of users simultaneously.

2.6.1.4. Mainframe:
► Mainframe computers were used to store, manage and
process large amount of data.
► They were cupboard size computers.

2.6.1.5. Handheld Computers:

► These are very small in size and can be easily carried out in
hands.
► It consists of small keyboard and screen.
► They are mainly designed to facilitate personal information
manager functions.
 2.6.1.6. Palmtop:
► These can be carried out in hands or palms thus called palmtops.
► These are designed for special functions like phonebook and
calculators.
► A special device called pen is used as input device.

2.6.1.7. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant):

► It is a type of palmtop or handheld device with features of
computing, telephone/fax, and networking.
► It can also be used as cellphone, fax sender and personal organizer.
 2.7. Purpose:
According to purpose, computers are divided into following sub classes:
1. Digital Computers
2. Analog Computers
3. Hybrid Computers.

2.7.1. Digital Computers:

► It processes information in the form of characters and digits.
► It displays output in the form of characters, digits, charts and graphics.
 2.7.2. Analog Computers:
► These are specifically used for special purpose application
such as wheel balancing, measuring temperature, velocity
etc.
► They deal with continuous type of data rather than digits.
► They display output in the form of electric waves.
► They are mostly used in scientific laboratories.

2.7.3. Hybrid Computers:

► Hybrid computes have the ability to process both digital and
analog data.
► They are specially help full in science laboratories where both
type of data is required for processing.
 2.8. Applications of Computers:
Due to remarkable progress of computer technology, it is useful almost in every
aspect of life. Some of the important fields are as under:

• Education
• Business
• Banking
• Defense
• Entertainment
 2.8.1. Education:

► Computer technology plays a very important role in education

sector.
► It enhances students’ learning and quality of education.
► College students get access to a variety of academic tools and
literature through internet technology and e-learning.

2.8.2. BUISSNESS:

► Computer technology is playing a very important role

in productivity competiveness of business.
► Sale and marketing departments are very important in
any business sector and interner has become a very
vital tool for the sale and marketing .
► The internet banking and electronic deposit or even
can pay his bill online.
 2.8.3. BANKING:

► Banking sector is also getting great benefit from

using computer technology.
► Internet banking is an example of modern banking
where can customer easily check balance while
sitting his home and can transfer funds without any
physical fatigue.
► ATM (any time money) is another example of
modern banking sector.
 2.8.4. DEFENCE:

► The computer technology has productive application in defense.

► Computer technology is used in intercontinental ballistic missiles,
rocket etc. that uses GPS (global position system) to help the
missile to hit the specified target .
► More important to computer technology has the capability to
design and test new systems.
 2.8.5. ENTERTAINMENT:

► Computer technology has also provided enormously high

opportunities for entertainment and pleasure.
► The computer technology now changed the trend to order food items .
► In movies, computer technology has brought a great revolution in
movies or cinema sector by introducing 3-D technology.
 2.8.6. SPORTS:

► In sports, computer technology is used for

record keeping.
► Computer is used to collect and analyze the
statistics displays the updated score.
► Computer also help to sell tickets create
training programs and even suggest diets for
athletes.
 2.9. IMPORTANT TERMS

2.9.1. BUSES
► Buses are the electrical parts through which
data is transferred from one location to
another location with in a computer system .
► There are different number of computer
buses which are as follows.
► The number of computer buses include data
bus, address bus, control bus.
 2.9.1.1. DATA BUS:

► The data bus is uses the combination of wires.

► It is transfer the data.
► Data bus is a bidirectional bus data.

2.9.1.2 ADDRESS BUS:

► An address bus is also called a memory bus.

► It carries the memory address which are
required by the microprocessor for reading
and writing the data.
► It is also works only one direction.
 2.9.1.3 CONTROL BUS:

► Control bus is also called command bus .

► There are important terminologies which are used to define the operation of computer
buses includes the following width, clock speed, computer ports, serial port, parallel,
USB port .
► This bus is works in both directions.
 2.9.2 MICROPROCESSOR:
► Microprocessor is also called brain of computer.
► Microprocessor is normally in the form of a silicon chip
containing millions of transistor on it and is also called
CPU(central processing unit).
► Microprocessor consist of following different components ALU
etc.

2.9.2.1 ALU(ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL

UNIT:
► Arithmetic and logical units is a important part of
CPU.
► Arithmetic operation are simple mathematical
operations.
► For example 2-5=7 logical operations are different
because these operations are based on conditions or
criteria.
 2.9.2.2 CONTROL UNIT:

► Control unit is supervises all the components of the

computer.
► Control unit brings instructions from memory unit.
► It executes them in an appropriate order .

2.9.3 MEMORY:

► Memory is the place where the data or programs are

closed temporarily.
► Which are needed during the data base processing.
► Memory is divided into two types primary memory
DRAM, SRAM .
 2.9.3.1 PRIMARY MEMORY:
► Primary memory is also called a main memory of the computer.
► Primary memory is called volatile, because when a computer system is
shutdown all the data existing in memory is erased.
► Primary memory is also divided into following categories dynamic
random access memory, static random access memory.

2.9.3.2 SECONDARY MEMORY:

► It is also called secondary storage auxiliary storage memory.
► This device are use to store large amount of data permanently . These are called
non volatile memory because the shifting of the computer. The data are not erased.
► Secondary memory are further divided into the following categories (hard disk,
optical disks, magnetic tape).
 2.9.4 MOTHERBOARD OF COMPUTER SYSTEM:
► The circuit board of the computer is also called a motherboard of computer.
► It contains the key elements or components due to which a computer cant work
properly.
► The key elements of motherboard include (microprocessor, computer memory,
serial and parallel ports and expansion slots etc.).
Thank You!