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Ex 6 - Straight and Level Flight

Flying straight and level requires maintaining a constant heading, altitude, and airspeed. It involves coordinating aircraft attitude with power settings. Changes in power require adjusting attitude to maintain altitude. Trim is used to reduce pilot workload by balancing aircraft forces. Scanning outside is important, especially when pitching the nose up. Compass errors like acceleration and turning errors must be understood for navigation.

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Mrunali Mhatre
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256 views

Ex 6 - Straight and Level Flight

Flying straight and level requires maintaining a constant heading, altitude, and airspeed. It involves coordinating aircraft attitude with power settings. Changes in power require adjusting attitude to maintain altitude. Trim is used to reduce pilot workload by balancing aircraft forces. Scanning outside is important, especially when pitching the nose up. Compass errors like acceleration and turning errors must be understood for navigation.

Uploaded by

Mrunali Mhatre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ex 6 – STRAIGHT AND

LEVEL FLIGHT
AIM
1. To fly straight and level with (constant heading, selected altitude and
airspeed) at various speeds within the full operational speed range of the
aircraft.
2.To understand the combination of Attitude and Power, which gives us the performance
3.What is trim and how it works.
4.Also I’m going to introduce you to magnetic compass and some of its errors!
MOTIVATION

• The ability to maintain a constant heading and altitude at various airspeed is a


fundamental skill of flying.It’s something we have to do in almost every flight 
LINK

• Cross country flying


• Circuits
• Range & Endurance
• Slow down to avoid traffic (Aircraft has no brakes)
• Instrument flying
TKT

1. Show me a cruise attitude.


2. What power setting did we use for our cruise setting? What speed did we achieve? (2300 rpm)
3. Can you show me a nose up attitude and which controls do we use to achieve that?
4. Name 2 causes of yaw and how to control yaw?
5. Do you know where the trim wheel is in the cockpit? 
6. What does the trim wheel control?
7. What do you remember from Attitudes+POWER=Performance
8. What is the purpose of a compass? 
9. What are some compass errors?
10.What is the purpose of a heading indicator? 
11.What is the proper scanning technique?
12.What is a gyro?
13.Are you familiar with properties of gyro 
14.Do you remember how to lean? 
• Maintain proper scanning technique through the
entire flight especially while flying before and in a
nose up attitude 
• Make airspeed changes progressive.

SAFETY • Spend most of the the time looking outside of the


airplane. Only gaze at instruments to confirm.
• Confirmation of who has the control
(I HAVE CONTROL, YOU HAVE CONTROL)
STRAIGHT and LEVEL

Straight flight: Flying straight means flying with a constant


heading.
To fly straight we can pick a visual reference on the ground:
Road, Tower, power line…
Level flight: Flying at a constant altitude and Speed 
• So to fly Straight and Level… 
• Pick a visual reference on the ground, maintain altitude and
constant speed. 
CONTROLLING YAW

• An increase in power will increase the slipstream


effect and cause the aircraft to yaw to the left.
Therefore right rudder must be applied to stay
coordinated
• Likewise, decrease in power will cause the
aircraft to yaw to the right, and left rudder must
be applied.
ATTITUDE + POWER = PERFORMANCE

• IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE PERFORMANCE YOU WANT, YOU WILL HAVE TO CONTROL
BOTH THE AIRCRAFT’S ATTITUDE AND POWER SETTING.
• CHANGING ONE WILL HAVE A EFFECT ON THE OTHER.
SLOW CRUISE
(REDUCED
AIRSPEED)

To achieve a slower cruise the throttle 1. Reduce throttle


(power) will need to be reduced. This
will cause the aircraft to slow and 2. Pitch up
descend if your attitude is not corrected
for the change. 3. Control yaw
To maintain level flight the aircraft needs 4. Trim
to be pitched UP (ATTITUDE) creating
more lift and drag which will slow the
aircraft and maintain your Altitude
Left Rudder will also be required to stay
coordinated.
• 100 RPM = Approx. 5 kts or 1 finger change in your
Attitude
ATTITUDE+POWER=PERFORMANCE • So if youre flying cruise @ 2300 RPM and 105 kts,
what airspeed will u get, if you reduce power to
2100 RPM?
FAST CRUISE
(INCREASED
AIRSPEED)

To achieve a faster cruise speed, the throttle 1. Increase throttle


(power) will need to increased. This will cause the
aircraft to accelerate and climb if your attitude is 2. Pitch down
not corrected for the change.
3. Control yaw
To maintain level flight, the aircraft will need to
be pitched down(attitude) crating less lift and 4. Trim
drag that will accelerate the aircraft and maintain
your altitude
RIGHT RUDDER will also be required to stay
coordinated • 100 RPM = Approx 5 kts and 1 finger of
attitude change
• So if youre flying cruise @2300 rpm at 105
ATTITUDE+POWER=PERFORMANCE kts, what power setting will be required to fly
110 kts?
TRIM
•Trimming the aircraft is
important to decrease the
pilots pressure load from
the control column.
• Having forward pressure
on the yoke = trim nose
down
• Having back pressure on
the yoke = trim nose up
COMPASS ERRORS
• North (Magnetic north) seeking magnets. Free to rotate
• The compass bowl is filled with alcohol or kerosene. It helps to
damped out oscillations caused by turbulence.
• Acceleration Errors: ANDS
• Accelerate North Decelerate South 
• Turning Errors: UNOS
• Undershoot North Overshoot South
HEADING INDICATOR
PRECESSION:
Over time the friction within the directional gyro will
cause the HI to fall out of sync with with the magnetic
compass
To overcome this the HI must be reset every 15 mins by
pUshing and turning the black knob to match the
compass while in STRAIGHT UNACCELERATED FLIGHT.
CONCLUSION
• Straight and level flight is flying in a constant direction with the wings
laterally level while maintaining a constant altitude
• Airspeed changes can be made through the coordinated use of all controls 
(ailerons, rudder, elevator) and engine power.
• Attitude + Power = Performance
• Trimming the aircraft reduces the workload of the pilot. It allows the pilot
to maintain constant altitude and airspeed without creating any pressure
on the controls, the amount of trim needed is dependent upon the pressure
the pilot feels on the controls.
• Lookout for other aircraft before setting the aircraft in a nose-up attitude
using the proper scanning technique.

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